Page 68 - Biomimetics : Biologically Inspired Technologies

Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_c002 Final Proof page 54 21.9.2005 11:39am

54 Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies

Full, R.J. and Koditschek, D.E. (1999) Templates and anchors: neuromechanical hypotheses of legged
locomotion on land. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 3325–3332.
Full, R.J. and Meijer, K. (2000) Artificial muscles versus natural actuators from frogs to flies. Proceedings of
the SPIE — The International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 3987 (Smart Structures and
Materials 2000: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD), Newport Beach, CA, USA,
6–8 March 2000.) SPIE-International Society of Optical Engineering, pp. 2–9.
Full, R.J. and Meijer, K. (2001) Metrics of natural muscle. In: Electroactive Polymers (EAP) as Artificial
Muscles, Reality Potential and Challenges, Y. Bar-Cohen (Ed.), SPIE Press, Bellingham, Washington,
Ch. 3, pp. 67–81.
Gordon, J.E. (1976) The New Science of Strong Materials, Second Edition, Penguin Books, London.
Griffiths, R.I. (1991) Shortening of muscle fibres during stretch of the active cat medial gastrocnemius muscle:
the role of tendon compliance. J. Physiol. 436:219–236.
Henneman, E., Somjen, G. and Carpenter, D.O. (1965) Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneur-
ones. J. Neurophysiol. 28:560–580.
Hof, A.L. (2001) The force resulting from the action of mono- and biarticular muscles in a limb. J. Biomech.
34(8):1085–1089.
Huijing, P.A. (1999) Muscle as a collagen fiber reinforced composite: a review of force transmission in muscle
and whole limb. J. Biomech. 32:329–345.
Huxley, A.F. (1957) Muscle structure and theories of contraction. Prog. Biophys. Biophys. Chem.
7:255–318.
Huxley, A.F. (2000) Cross-bridge action: present views, prospects and unknowns. J. Biomech. 33:1189–1195.
Huxley, A.F. and Niedergerke, R. (1954) Interference microscopy of living muscle fibers. Nature 173:
971–973.
Huxley, H.E. and Hanson, J. (1954) Changes in cross-striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and
their structural interpretation. Nature 173:973–976.
Jacobs, R. and Meijer, K. (1999) A fuzzy model of skeletal muscle adaptation: a tool to study effects of
surgical, therapeutic and rehabilitation procedures. AutoMedica 18:85–106.
Josephson, R.K. (1985) Mechanical power output from striated muscle during cyclic contraction. J. Exp. Biol.
114:493–512.
Josephson, R.K. (1993) Contraction dynamics and power output of skeletal muscle. Ann. Rev. Physiol
55:527–546.
Josephson, R.K., Malamud, J.G. and Stokes, D.R. (2000) Asynchronous muscle: a primer. J. Exp. Biol.
203:2713–2722.
Kier, W.M. (1985) The musculature of squid arms and tentacles: ultrastructural evidence for functional
differences. J. Morph. 185:223–239.
Koh, T.J. and Herzog, W. (1998) Excursion is important in regulating sarcomere number in the growing rabbit
tibialis anterior. J. Physiol. 1:508 (Pt 1):267–280.
Kornbluh, R., Full, R.J., Meijer, K., Pelrine, R. and Shastri, S.V. (2001) Engineering a muscle: an approach to
artificial muscle based on field-activated electroactive polymers. In: Neurotechnology for Biomimetic
Robots. MIT press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 137–172.
Lieber, R.L. and Burkholder, T.J. (2000) Musculoskeletal soft tissue mechanics. In: The Biomedical Engin-
eering Handbook, Second Edition, Bronzino, J.D. (Ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 22.1–22.8.
Lindstedt, S.L., LAStayo, P.C. and Reich, T.E. (2001) When active muscles lengthen: properties and
consequences of eccentric contractions. News Physiol. Sci. 16:256–261.
Lindstedt, S.L., Reich, T.E., Keim, P. and LaStayo, P.C. (2002) Do muscles function as adaptable locomotor
springs? J. Exp. Biol. 205:2211–2216.
Loeb, G.E., Praat, C.A., Chanaud, C.M. and Richmond, F.J. (1987) Distribution and innervation of
short, interdigitated muscle fibers in parallel-fibered muscles of the cat hindlimb. J. Morphol.
191(1):1–15.
Loeb, G.E., Brown, I.E. and Cheng, EJ. (1999) A hierarchical foundation for models of sensorimotor control.
Exp. Brain Res. 126:1–18.
Lynn, R., Talbot, J.A. and Morgan, D.L. (1998) Differences in rat skeletal muscle after incline and decline
running. J. Appl. Physiol. 85:98–104.
Lutz, G.J. and Rome, L.C. (1994) Built for jumping: the design of the frog muscular system. Science
263(5145):370–372.