Page 7 - Biosystems Engineering

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5.3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) . . . . . 181
5.4 GIS and Watershed Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.4.1 Approaches for Interfacing GIS
with Watershed Models . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.4.2 Challenges with Interfacing . . . . . . . . 185
5.4.3 Recent State-of-the Art GIS–Integrated
Watershed Modeling Systems . . . . . . 186
5.5 Future of GIS-based Watershed
Modeling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

6 Design of Sustainable Water
Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.2 Physical Properties of Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.3 Water Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.3.1 Plant Water Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.3.2 Assessing Plant Water Needs . . . . . . . 198
6.4 Need for Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.4.1 Meeting the Crop Water Demand . . . 200

6.4.2 Other Benefits of Irrigation . . . . . . . . 201
6.5 Irrigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
6.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
6.5.2 Types of Irrigation Systems . . . . . . . . 202

6.5.3 Irrigation Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
6.5.4 Design of Irrigation Systems . . . . . . . 202
6.6 Drainage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.6.1 Importance of Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.6.2 Methods for Dealing with
Excess Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.7 Salinity Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.7.1 Introduction to Salinization . . . . . . . . 210
6.7.2 Methods to Control Salinization . . . . 210
6.7.3 Dealing with Water Quality
Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

7 Biomass Pyrolysis and Bio-Oil Refineries . . . . . . . 213

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.2 Biomass Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.2.1 Cellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.2.2 Hemicellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
7.2.3 Lignin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216