Page 259 - Bridge and Highway Structure Rehabilitation and Repair

234 SECTION 2 STRENGTHENING AND REPAIR WORK

• Stresses at demolition or at failure: Many of the failures can be avoided by paying attention
to changes in design technology and details. For example, new concrete materials such as
lightweight and heavyweight aggregates, structural plastics, and glass composites have
different unit weights to that of conventional wet concrete.
Such materials display nonhomogeneous and non-isotropic behavior. Current load factors
and resistance factors need to be modified in the light of experimental results. AASHTO load

combinations given in Table 3.4.1-1 do not differentiate between primary and secondary effects.
Also, superstructure and substructure load combinations need to be separated. Earth pressure,
water loads, and most extreme events need to be tabulated separately.

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