Page 18 - Carrahers_Polymer_Chemistry,_Eighth_Edition

Contents xvii

13.2.3 Electron Microscopy ........................................................................456
13.2.4 SPM ..................................................................................................456
13.2.5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy .................................................. 459
13.3 Amorphous Region Determinations .............................................................. 459
13.4 Mass Spectrometry ........................................................................................460
13.5 Thermal Analysis .......................................................................................... 461
13.6 Thermal Property Tests .................................................................................463
13.6.1 Softening Range ...............................................................................463
13.6.2 Heat Defl ection Temperature ...........................................................463
13.6.3 Glass Transition Temperatures .........................................................464
13.6.4 Thermal Conductivity ......................................................................465
13.6.5 Thermal Expansion ..........................................................................466
13.7 Flammability .................................................................................................466
13.8 Electrical Properties: Theory ........................................................................466
13.9 Electric Measurements ..................................................................................469
13.9.1 Dielectric Constant ...........................................................................469
13.9.2 Electrical Resistance ........................................................................ 470
13.9.3 Dissipation Factor and Power Loss .................................................. 470
13.9.4 Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Strength .............................. 470
13.10 Optical Properties Tests ................................................................................. 472
13.10.1 Index of Refraction ......................................................................... 472
13.10.2 Optical Clarity ................................................................................ 473
13.10.3 Absorption and Refl ectance ............................................................ 473
13.11 Weatherability ............................................................................................... 473
13.12 Chemical Resistance...................................................................................... 474
13.13 Measurement of Particle Size ........................................................................ 475
13.14 Measurement of Adhesion ............................................................................. 476
13.15 Permeability and Diffusion ...........................................................................477
13.16 Summary ....................................................................................................... 478
Glossary .................................................................................................................... 479
Exercises ...................................................................................................................480
Additional Reading ..................................................................................................480

Chapter 14 Rheology and Physical Tests ....................................................................................483
14.1 Rheology........................................................................................................483
14.1.1 Rheology and Physical Tests ............................................................486
14.1.2 Response Time .................................................................................489
14.2 Typical Stress–Strain Behavior .....................................................................489
14.3 Stress–Strain Relationships ...........................................................................492
14.4 Specific Physical Tests ...................................................................................494

14.4.1 Tensile Strength ................................................................................494
14.4.2 Tensile Strength of Inorganic and Metallic Fibers and Whiskers ....496
14.4.3 Compressive Strength .......................................................................497
14.4.4 Impact Strength ................................................................................497
14.4.5 Hardness ...........................................................................................499
14.4.5.1 Brinell Hardness ...............................................................499
14.4.5.2 Rockwell Hardness ...........................................................499
14.4.6 Shear Strength .................................................................................. 501
14.4.7 Abrasion Resistance ......................................................................... 501
14.4.8 Failure ............................................................................................... 501

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