Page 219 - Carrahers_Polymer_Chemistry,_Eighth_Edition

182 Carraher’s Polymer Chemistry

GLOSSARY

Alfin catalyst: Complex catalyst system consisting of allyl sodium, sodium isopropoxide, and

sodium chloride.
Anionic polymerization: A polymerization initiated by an anion.
Butyl rubber (IIR): Copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene.
Capping: Reacting the end groups to produce a stable polymer.
Carbanion: Negatively charged organic ion.
Carbocation: Positively charged organic ion, that is, one lacking an electron pair on a carbon
atom.
Cationic polymerization: Polymerization initiated by a cation and propagated by a carbonium
ion.
Ceiling temperature: Threshold temperature above which a specific polymer is unstable and

decomposes.
Celcon: Trade name of copolymer of formaldehyde and dioxolane.
Chain-reaction polymerization: A rapid polymerization based on initiation, propagation, and
termination steps.
Chain transfer: Process in which a growing chain becomes a dead polymer by abstracting a
group from some other compounds, thereby generating another active site.
Copolymer: Polymer chain composed of units from more than one monomer.
Copolymerization: Polymerization of a mixture of more than one monomer.
Coupling: Joining of two active species.
Gegenion: A counterion.
Initiation: Start of a polymerization.
Isomerization polymerization: Polyaddition reaction in which the propagation species rear-
ranges to energetically preferred structures before chain growth.
Kraton: Trade name for an ABA block copolymer of styrene–butadiene–styrene.
Lactom: Heterocyclic amide with one nitrogen atom in the ring.
Leuchs’ anhydride: Cyclic anhydride that decomposes to carbon dioxide and an amino acid.
Living polymers: Macroanions or macrocarbanions.
Macroions: Charged polymer molecules.

Metathesis reaction: Catalytically induced reaction wherein olefins undergo bond reorganiza-
tion resulting in the formation of polyalkenamers.
Monadic: Polyamide produced from one reactant.
Natta, Giulio: Discoverer of stereospecifi c polymers.
Oxirane: Ethylene oxide.
Polyacetal: Polyoxymethylene.
Polychloral: Polymer of trichloroacetaldehyde.
Promoter: Strained cyclic ethers that are readily cleaved.
Propagation: Continuous successive chain extension in a chain reaction.
Soluble stereoregulating catalyst: Soluble catalysts requiring a metal active site, cocatalyst or
counterion, and a ligand system; capable of producing polymers with high stereoregularity
and a minimum of branching.
Termination: Destruction of active growing chain in a chain reaction.
Trioxane: Treimer of formaldehyde.
Ziegler, Karl: Discoverer of complex coordination catalysts.
Ziegler-Natta (or Natta-Ziegler) catalyst: Able to produce stereoregular polymers.
Zwitterionic polymerization: Copolymerization between nucleophilic and electrophilic
comonomers.

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