Page 346 - Challenges in Corrosion Costs Causes Consequences and Control(2015)

324 CONSEQUENCES OF CORROSION

dollars) amounting to 5.2% of Kuwait’s 1987 GDP and avoidable cost at $180 million
or 18% of the total cost.
The total cost of corrosion in West Germany during 1968–1969 was estimated to
be 19 billion Deutschmarks (US $6 billion) of which 4.3 billion DM (US $1.5 billion)
was estimated to be avoidable. The corrosion costs amounted to 3% of West German
GNP for 1969 of which 25% was avoidable (10).
The cost of corrosion to Finland (11) in 1965 was 150–200 million markaa (US
$47 to 62 million for the year 1965).
The painting expenditure in Sweden to combat corrosion was 300–400 million
crowns (US $58–75 million) of which 25–35% were found to be avoidable.
The cost of corrosion in India in 1961 was estimated to be 1.54 billion rupees (US
$320 million): 25% for paints, varnishes, and lacquers; 20% for metallic coatings and
electroplating; and 55% for corrosion-resistant metals (12).
A survey of 148 chemical industries was conducted in 1986 in China and found
that the average corrosion cost to be 4% of the annual income (13). The results of
another survey of iron and steel complex indicated the corrosion costs to be 1.6% of
the total income.
The Chinese initiative in reducing corrosion losses consisted of education and
training of personnel, organizing 15 technical courses for industrial personnel, each of
2–4 weeks duration with particular emphasis on corrosion prevention technology. As
of 1986, 11 institutions of higher education have established special courses in corro-
sion and its prevention through which about 400 college graduates are trained annu-
ally. During 1980–1985, the State Science and Technology Commission of China and
the Chinese Society of Corrosion and Protection organized 15 training courses on a
variety of corrosion topics of 2–4 weeks duration for personnel in various industries.
Intensive efforts were directed toward the following topics:

1. More efficient inhibitors and better corrosion-resistant steels for use in the oil
and gas industry.
2. Coatings and cathodic protection of steel structures used in exploitation of oil
in offshore locations, harbors, parts, and vessels.
3. Development of efficient inhibitors for acid cleaning of chemical equipment.
4. Development of heat-resistant alloys and protective coatings.
5. Development of low-alloy steels to resist atmospheric corrosion.
6. Effects of amorphous state and ion implantation on the corrosion resistance of
surface layers of materials.
7. Development of titanium and its alloys for use in chemical industries.
8. Development of super alloys and ceramic materials to increase the efficiency
of gas turbines (GTs).
9. Promotion of the application of nonmetallic materials in chemical industries.

In addition to the above initiatives, extensive use of cathodic protection technol-
ogy, protective coatings, and proper selection of materials have been made in the