Page 45 - Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions

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AT029-Manual
1. INTRODUCTION 25
Saudi Arabian crude of 35.5 API (SG = 0.847), the follow-
ing conversion factors apply between weight and volume of factors with ratios of unity as follows: cal

kJ

kJ

crudes and the rates: 802 = 802 × mol × 1000 J ×

mol mol 16 g kJ 4.187 J
1 ton = 7.33 bbl = 308 gallon (U.S.) 1 bbl = 0.136 ton 802 × 1000
∼
∼
= [cal/g] = 11971.58 cal/g
1 bbl/d = 50 ton/year 16 × 4.187
∼
The conversion to the English unit is performed in a similar
∼ ∼
For a Middle East crude of API 30, 1 ton = 7.19 bbl (1 bbl = way:
0.139 ton).

Another way of expressing quantities of various sources of 453.6g Btu
energy is through their heating values. For example, by burn- 11971.58 cal/g = (11971.58 cal/g) × lb × 252 cal
6
ing 1 × 10 tons of a crude oil, the same amount of energy 11971.58 × 453.6
can be produced that is produced through burning 1.5 × 10 9 = [Btu/lb]
tons of coal. Of course this value very much depends on the 252
type of crude and the coal. Therefore, such evaluations and = 21549.2 Btu/lb
comparisons are approximate. In summary, 1 million tons of
In the above calculations all the ratio of terms inside the ||
a typical crude oil is equivalent to other forms of energy:
sign have values of unity.
9
9
6
3
1 × 10 tons of crude oil = 1.111 × 10 sm (39.2 × 10 scf)
∼
of natural gas Example 1.3—Thermal conductivity of a kerosene sample at
◦
◦
6
= 1.5 × 10 tons of coal 60 C is 0.07 Btu/h · ft· F. What is the value of thermal conduc-
∼
9
= 12 × 10 kW · h of electricity tivity in mW/mK from the following procedures:
∼
1. Use of appropriate conversion factor in Section 1.7.19.
The = sign indicates the approximate values, as they depend 2. Direct calculation with use of conversion factors for fun-
∼
on the type of oil or gas. For a typical crude, the heating value damental dimensions.
is approximately 10 500 cal/g (18 900 Btu/lb) and for the nat-
ural gas is about 1000 Btu/scf (37.235 × 10 kJ/sm ). Approx- Solution—
3
3
imately 1 million tons of a typical crude oil can produce an
energy equivalent to 4 × 10 kW · h of electricity through a typ- 1. In Section 1.7.19 the conversion factor between SI and
9
ical power plant. In 1987 the total nuclear energy produced English units is given as:
◦
6
in the world was equivalent to 404 × 10 tons of crude oil 1 W/mK = 0.5778 Btu/ft · h· F. With the knowledge that
based on the energy produced [5]. In the same year the to- W = 1000 mW, the conversion is carried as:
6
tal hydroelectric energy was equivalent to 523.9 × 10 tons of 0.07 Btu/h · ft · F = 0.07 Btu 1000 mW

◦
crude oil. In 1987 the total coal reserves in the world were h · ft · F × W
◦
9
estimated at 1026 × 10 tons, while the total oil reserves were
9
about 122 × 10 tons. However, from the energy point of view × W/mK =121.1 mW/mK
9
the total coal reserves are equivalent to only 0.68 × 10 tons 0.5778 Btu/ h · ft · F
◦
of crude oil. The subject of heating values will be discussed 2. The conversion can be carried out without use of the con-
further in Chapter 7 (see Section 7.4.4). version tables if a practicing engineer is familiar with the
Unit conversion is an important art in engineering calcu- basic definitions and conversion factors. These are 1 W =
lations and as was stated before with the knowledge of the 1 J/s, 1 W = 1000 mW, 1 cal = 4.187 J, I Btu = 251.99 cal,
definition of some basic units for only a few fundamental 1h = 3600 s, 1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 K = 1 C = 1.8 F (for the
◦
◦
quantities (energy, length, mass, time, and temperature), the temperature difference). It should be noted that thermal
unit for every other property can be obtained. The basic idea conductivity is defined based on temperature difference.
in the unit conversion is that a value of a parameter remains ◦
the same when it is multiplied by a factor of unity in a way 0.07 Btu/h · ft · F
that the initial units are eliminated and the desired units are
Btu 251.99 cal 4.187 J h

kept. The following examples demonstrate how a unit can be = 0.07 h · ft · F × Btu × cal × 3600 s
◦
converted to another unit system without the use of tabulated
C
◦
conversion factors. W 1000 mW ft 1.8 F ◦
× × × × ×
J/s W 0.3048 m ◦ C K
Example 1.2—The molar heating value of methane is 802 kJ/ 0.07 × 251.99 × 4.187 × 1000 × 1.8 mW
mol. Calculate the heating value of methane in the units of = 3600 × 0.3048 × m · K
cal/g and Btu/lb. The molecular weight of methane is 16.0.
= 121.18 mW/mK
Solution—In this calculation a practicing engineer has to re- Examples 1.2 and 1.3 show that with the knowledge of only
member the following basic conversion factors: 1 lb = 453.6 g, very few conversion factors and basic definitions of funda-
1 cal = 4.187 J, and 1 Btu = 252 cal. The value of molecular mental units, one can obtain the conversion factor between
weight indicates that 1 mol = 16 g. In the conversion process any two unit systems for any property without use of a refer-
the initial unit is multiplied by a series of known conversion ence conversion table.
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