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Process Heat Transfer 185

R number of independent relations
Rf fouling resistance

t temperature
IB base temperature
U overall heat-transfer coefficient
U oveall heat-transfer coefficient base on the outside area of a tube
0
V number of variables

scale thickness
x f
KW wall thickness

Greek

(At) LM logarithmic-mean temperature difference
(At)LM j6ff effective logarithmic-mean temperature difference

9 annual number of hours of operation

Subscripts

A available
C clean
f refers to a solid deposit
i inside of the tube or tube side
LM logarithmic mean

o outside of the tube or shell side
p process fluid
R required
W water

REFERENCES
1. Kern, P.Q., Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1959.
2. Mehra, Y.R., Refrigeration Systems for Low Temperature Processes

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