Page 423 - Civil Engineering Formulas

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 349

Max water surface
F 5

F 3 H

F 8
F 7
F 2
F 6 F 1 F 6
F 8
F 4 Tailwater surface

U
R

FIGURE 12.29 External forces acting on gravity dam. (Davis—Handbook of Hydraulics
McGraw-Hill.)

U total uplift force
H algebraic summation of all active horizontal forces
V algebraic summation of all active vertical forces
M algebraic summation of all moments
vertical normal stress
z
first principal stress
1
second principal stress
2
! horizontal and vertical shearing stress
zy
angle made by downstream face with vertical
angle made by upstream face with vertical
a ratio of acceleration due to earthquake forces to the acceleration of
gravity
f sliding factor
f coefficient of maximum static friction between two surfaces
q unit shear resistance of foundation material
Q shear-friction factor of safety