Page 111 - Communication Commerce and Power The Political Economy of America and the Direct Broadcast Satellite

I 00 Communication, Commerce and Power

5 Keogh explained that foreign audiences could interpret these hearings as
a conspiratorial attempt by Congress to overthrow the President.
Because he believed that this impression could lead to international
destabilization, Keogh directed USIA personnel to focus on the 'posi-
tive' aspects of the Watergate affair. Rather than approaching the story
with the 'cynicism' of the private sector news media, Keogh explained
that because bugging was a normal means of governing in communist
regimes, an emphasis on the 'pluralism' of American political institu-
tions constituted a preferable approach. See 'Lowering the Voice,'
Newsweek (9 July 1973) 60--1, and Donald R. Browne, International
Radio Broadcasting (New York: Praeger, 1982) p. 143.
6 In 1963, lTV moved into new Washington, DC offices which included
the most modem of production facilities. Elder, The Information
Machine, pp. 234-5.
7 Ibid., p. 9.
8 Ibid., p. 20.
9 Ibid., p. 9.
10 Richardson testimony in hearings on 'Modem Communications and
Foreign Policy,' p. 77.
11 Hearings on 'Satellite Broadcasting: Implications for Foreign Policy,'
pp. 138-40.
12 See ibid., pp. 14-47.
13 Hearings on 'Foreign Policy Implications of Satellite Communications,'
pp. 69-71.
14 Elder, The Information Machine, p. 12.
15 Browne, International Radio Broadcasting, p. 143.
16 Presidential Commission on International Radio Broadcasting, The
Right to Know (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office,
1973) p. 56.
17 Without documentary evidence, this conclusion is the speculative prod-
uct of both logical reflection and a general absence of counter-proposals
by many of the American state officials interviewed for this book.
18 Leo Gross, 'Some International Law Aspects of the Freedom of
Information and the Right to Communicate', in Kaarle Nordenstreng
and Herbert I. Schiller (eds), National Sovereignty and International
Communication (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1979) pp. 196-97.
19 I.H.Ph. Diederiks-Verschoor, An Introduction to Space Law (Deventer
and Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1993) p. 11.
20 Leo Gross, 'Some International Law Aspects of the Freedom of Infor-
mation and the Right to Communicate,' p. 200.
21 The ITU has evolved into a largely autonomous UN agency, with
headquarters in Geneva. Its aims and purposes were made explicit at
its 1947 Atlantic City Conference. They are as follows: to maintain and
extend international cooperation for the improvement and rational use
of telecommunications; to promote the development of technical facil-
ities and their most efficient operation with a view to improving the
efficiency of telecommunication services, increasing their usefulness and
making them so far as possible generally available to the public; and to
harmonize the actions of nations in the attainment of those common