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NOTES
61. R.Hoggart, Speaking to each other, vol. 2 about literature (London, Chatto &
Windus, 1970), p. 255.
62. R.Williams, Communications, third edn. (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1976), p.
149.
63. R.Williams, Communications (London, Penguin, 1962); R.Williams, Television:
technology and cultural form (Glasgow, Fontana, 1974).
64. Williams, Television, p. 151.
65. S.Hall and T.Jefferson (eds), Resistance through rituals: youth sub-cultures in
post-war Britain (London, Hutchinson/Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies,
1976).
66. D.Hebdidge, Subculture: the meaning of style (London, Methuen, 1979).
67. P.Willis, Learning to labour: How working class kids get working class jobs
(London, Saxon House, 1977); P.Willis, Profane culture (London, Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1978).
68. P.Willis et al., Common culture: symbolic work at play in the everyday culture of
the young (Milton Keynes, Open University Press, 1990).
69. J.Seabrook, Landscapes of poverty (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1985); J.Seabrook,
The leisure society (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1988).
70. Thus Herder: “The cultivation of its mother tongue alone can lift a nation out of
a state of barbarism”—J.G.von Herder, Reflections on the philosophy of the
history of mankind, tr. T.O.Churchill, ed. F.E.Manuel (Chicago, University of
Chicago Press, 1968), p. 328. cf. also pp. 3–78.
71. G.W.F.Hegel, The philosophy of history, tr. J.Sibtree (New York, Dover, 1956),
p. 53.
72. E.Gellner, Thought and change (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1964), p.
169.
73. E.Kedourie, Nationalism (London, Hutchinson, 1960).
74. T.Nairn, The break-up of Britain (London, New Left Books, 1977).
75. B.Anderson, Imagined communities: reflections on the origins and spread of
nationalism (London, Verso, 1983), p. 15.
76. Ibid., pp. 30, 41, 46–7, 50–128.
77. R.Williams, Resources of hope: culture, democracy, socialism, ed. R.Gable (London,
Verso, 1989), pp. 117–18.
78. R.Williams, Towards 2000 (London, Chatto & Windus, 1983), p. 181.
79. R.Williams, What I came To say, eds. N.Belton et al. (London, Hutchinson
Radius, 1989), p. 59.
80. Williams, Towards 2000, p. 197.
81. M.Morris & A.Freadman, Import rhetoric: semiotics in/and Australia, in The
foreign, bodies papers, eds. P.Botsman et al. (Sydney, Local Consumption
Publications, 1981), pp. 126–7.
82. R.Williams, Second generation (London, Chatto & Windus, 1964), p. 322.
83. T.Eagleton, Nationalism: irony and commitment, in T.Eagleton et al., Nationalism,
colonialism and literature (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1990),
p. 23.
Chapter 3
1. A.Salomon, German sociology, in Twentieth century sociology, eds. G.Gurvitch
& W.E. Moore (New York, Philosophical Library, 1945), p.596.
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