Page 171 - Contemporary Cultural Theory

NOTES

2. M.Merleau-Ponty, Adventures of the dialectic, tr. J.Bien (London, Heinemann,
1974), ch. 2.
3. K.Marx, Early writings (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1975), pp. 327–30.
4. Ibid., p. 328.
5. Ibid., p. 329.
6. K.Marx & F.Engels, The communist manifesto, tr. S.Moore (Harmondsworth,
Penguin, 1967), p. 82.
7. K.Marx, Capital, vol. I, tr. S.Moore & E.Aveling (London, Lawrence & Wishart,
1970), p. 72.
8. K.Marx & F.Engels, The German ideology, part one, tr. W.Lough, C.Dutt & C.P.
Magill, ed. C.J.Arthur (London, Lawrence & Wishart, 1970), p. 47.
9. Ibid., p. 64.
10. Ibid., pp. 65–6.
11. Marx, Early writings, p. 425.
12. Ibid., p. 426.
13. The terms are Althusser’s. cf. L.Althusser and E.Balibar, Reading Capital, tr.
B.Brewster (London, New Left Books, 1970), pp. 186–7. Althusser’s discussion
is deliberately intended to promote a third model, that of structural causality, an
intention which clearly colours the account of expressive causality in particular.
But the distinction between mechanical and expressive models of causation
nonetheless remains valid. It is possible, of course, that all three types of causation
actually occur empirically.
14. Thus Marx’s warning to new readers in the “Preface” to the first French edition
of Capital: “There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread
the fatiguing climb of its steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous
summits”—Marx, Capital, vol. I, p. 21.
15. G.Plekhanov, Art and social life, tr. E.Hartley et al., in Art and social life eds.
P.Davison et al. (Cambridge, Chadwyck Healey, 1978), p. 23.
16. Ibid., pp. 19–20.
17. Ibid., p. 63.
18. Ibid., pp. 53–5.
19. A.A.Zhdanov, Soviet literature—the richest in ideas, the most advanced in literature,
in M.Gorky et al., Soviet Writers’ Congress 1934: the debate on socialist realism
and modernism (London, Lawrence & Wishart, 1977), p. 18.
20. Ibid., p. 19.
21. P.Bourdieu, Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste tr. R.Nice
(London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), p. 32.
22. Zhdanov, Soviet literature, p. 21.
23. Of course, this is not literally true: Russian communists spoke Russian, and
British communists English. But the Comintern did evolve an international style
of its own. Hence the way in which British communist publications, written by
British activists, very often read as if translated from the Russian. It was this
international style which meant very different things to Western and Eastern
communisms.
24. L.Trotsky, On literature and art, ed. P.N.Seigel (New York, Pathfinder Press,
1970), p. 106.
25. cf. U.Sinclair, The jungle (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1965); F.Hardy, Power
without glory (London, Panther, 1975); R.Williams, Border country (London,
Chatto & Windus, 1960); R.Williams, Second generation (London, Chatto &
Windus, 1964).
26. C.Caudwell, Illusion and reality (London, Lawrence & Wishart, 1946), p. 201.
27. Ibid., p. 130.

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