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302   Control theory in biomedical engineering


                                       FLX9070
                         0.1  Power ON        Power OFF
                      Force (N)  0.05

                          0
                               490  979  1468  1957  2446  2935  3424  3913  4402  4891  5380  5869  6358  6847  7336  7825  8314  8803  9292
                             1
                        –0.05
                                  Data points taken at 100HZ
                         FLX9070 (0.3A)   FLX9070 (0.5A)   ON/OFF
          Fig. 14 Force graph for material FLX-9070.


























          Fig. 15 Force graph for different materials under 0.5 and 0.3A currents.

          PWM, the curve was in a steady and relatively consistent staircase shape,
          hence showing potential in terms of control.


          3.4 Insertion test



             By using a plastic skull to model a human nasal passage (Fig. 17, support
          Video 1 in the online version at https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-
          821350-6.00011-1), our team conducted multiple experiments to deliver
          the endoscope from the nostril to the nasopharyngeal region. Points were
          indicated on the inside of the skull. An optic fiber was taped to our device,
          and a laser was used to shine light through the end of the fiber. The
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