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198 Chapter 9 Postmodernism

the street. A tremendous articulateness is syncopated with the African drumbeat,
the African funk, into an American postmodernist product: there is no subject
expressing originary anguish here but a fragmented subject, pulling from past and
present, innovatively producing a heterogeneous product. The stylistic combina-
tion of the oral, the literate, and the musical is exemplary . . . it is part and parcel
of the subversive energies of black underclass youth, energies that are forced to take
a cultural mode of articulation because of the political lethargy of American soci-
ety (386).

This is a rejection of Jameson’s claim that such work can be dismissed as an ex-
ample of postmodern pastiche. The intertextual play of quotations in rap is not the
result of aesthetic exhaustion; these are not the fragments of modernism shored against
aesthetic ruin and cultural decline, but fragments combined to make a voice to be
heard loudly within a hostile culture: the twisting of dismissal and denial into defiance.

Postmodern television

Television, like pop music, does not have a period of modernism to which it can be
‘post’. But, as Jim Collins (1992) points out, television is often seen as the
‘quintessence’ of postmodern culture. This claim can be made on the basis of a num-
ber of television’s textual and contextual features. If we take a negative view of post-
modernism, as the domain of simulations, then television seems an obvious example
of the process – with its supposed reduction of the complexities of the world to an ever-
changing flow of depthless and banal visual imagery. If, on the other hand, we take a
positive view of postmodernism, then the visual and verbal practices of television can
be put forward, say, as the knowing play of intertextuality and ‘radical eclecticism’
(Charles Jenks in Collins, 1992: 338), encouraging, and helping to produce, the
‘sophisticated bricoleur’ (Collins, 1992: 337) of postmodern culture. For example, a
television series like Twin Peaks both helps to constitute an audience as bricoleurs and
is watched in turn by an audience who celebrate the programme’s bricolage. According
to Collins,

Postmodernist eclecticism might only occasionally be a preconceived design
choice in individual programs, but it is built into the technologies of media sophist-
icated societies. Thus television, like the postmodern subject, must be conceived as
a site – an intersection of multiple, conflicting cultural messages. Only by recog-
nising this interdependency of bricolage and eclecticism can we come to appre-
ciate the profound changes in the relationship of reception and production in
postmodern cultures. Not only has reception become another form of meaning
production, but production has increasingly become a form of reception as it
rearticulates antecedent and competing forms of representation (338).