Page 121 - Cultures and Organizations

100 DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL CULTURES

had done on individualism-collectivism in the IBM studies. The CVS inte-
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gration dimension resembles the WVS exclusionism dimension. Students
from countries scoring individualist answered that the following values
were particularly important:

■ Tolerance of others
■ Harmony with others
■ Noncompetitiveness
■ A close, intimate friend
■ Trustworthiness
■ Contentedness with one’s position in life
■ Solidarity with others
■ Being conservative

This was the largest cluster of CVS values associated with any single IBM
dimension pole. In the individualist society, relationships with others are
not obvious and prearranged; they are voluntary and have to be carefully
fostered. The values at the individualist pole of the integration dimension
describe conditions for the ideal voluntary relationship.
Students in collectivist societies, instead, answered that the following
values were particularly important:

■ Filial piety (obedience to parents, respect for parents, honoring of

ancestors, financial support of parents)
■ Chastity in women
■ Patriotism

In the collectivist society, there is no need to make specifi c friendships:
who one’s friends are is predetermined by one’s family or group member-

ship. The family relationship is maintained by filial piety and by chastity
in women and is associated with patriotism. In some versions of the IBM
questionnaire, a work goal “serve your country” was included. This too was
found to be strongly associated with collectivism.
Chapter 2 mentioned three other cross-national values databases: those
of Schwartz, GLOBE, and Trompenaars. All three produced dimensions or

categories strongly correlated with IDV. Schwartz identified seven catego-
ries of values, from which no fewer than five were signifi cantly correlated

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with IDV. When Schwartz’s seven categories were simplifi ed into three