Page 548 - Cultures and Organizations

Notes 513

kept away from the group for a few weeks did the males assume leadership roles, not

to relinquish leadership after she finally returned. The settlement history of bonobos
may have led to the female dominance that characterizes their societies.
9. Weiss, 2009.
10. Richerson & Boyd, 2005.
11. Davies, Davies, & Davies, 1992.
12. Cochran & Harpending, 2009.
13. Cochran & Harpending, 2009.
14. Davies, Davies, & Davies, 1992.

15. This suggestion receives some confirmation from data collected by Dr. Ray
Simonsen, of Victoria University, in Darwin, Australia, and communicated orally to
Geert in 1998 (see Chapter 5). For aborigines, Simonsen found PDI 80, IDV 90, MAS
22, UAI 128, and LTO 10.
16. Mithen, 2003.
17. Diamond, 1997.
18. Cochran & Harpending, 2009, p. 150. These authors expect more discoveries
about eye color and its evolutionary advantages in coming years.
19. Harrison et al., 2006.
20. Borgerhoff Mulder et al., 2009.
21. Kuznar & Sedlmeyer, 2005, with numerous references to anthropological
articles.
22. In Peru a cluster of ancient cities along the Rio Supe was found rather unexpect-

edly in recent years. They date from about five thousand years ago, long before the
Inca. The city of Caral is the best known. See, for example, http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/norte_chico_civilization.
23. McNeill & McNeill, 2003.
24. Moore & Lewis, 1999.
25. Parsons, 1964.
26. Cochran & Harpending, 2009.
27. English historian Simon Schama wrote about this in his 1987 book on the Dutch
Golden Age, The Embarrassment of Riches.
28. “The State,” translated as “The Republic.” See Plato, 1974 [375 b.c.]).
29. McNeill & McNeill, 2003.

30. According to historian Felipe Fernández-Armesto, 2004.
31. van de Vliert, 2009. Van de Vliert’s analysis is based on WVS data.
32. This means we disagree with Huntington’s (1998) Clash of Civilizations.
33. Nazi ideology trampled tenuous moral circles between ethnic or pseudoethnic
symbolically defined groups. This ideology appeals to older feelings of racial loyalty,

but it goes against the direction of the history of morality in recent centuries, in which
moral circles keep merging and expanding.
34. In biology the phenomenon that the behavior of a system changes suddenly
while an input variable changes but little, and does not change back when conditions
change back, is called hysteresis.