Page 547 - Cultures and Organizations

512 Notes

49. Taken from an unpublished conference paper by Alfred J. Kraemer, Munich,
1978.
50. Åke Phillips.
51. Herodotus, The Histories, 1997 ed., book 3 (“Thalia”), entry 38, p. 243.
52. Hume, 1882 [1742], p. 252.
53. “The Ballad of Lale Laloo and Other Rhymes,” quoted by Renier, 1931.
54. A classic example is Margaret Mead’s fi lm Four Families, showing the relation-
ship between parents and small children in India, France, Japan, and Canada, produced
in 1959 by the National Film Board of Canada. Another example is a video produced
along with a book by Tobin, Wu, & Danielson (1989) about classroom behavior of four-
year-old preschool children in Japan, China, and Hawaii.
55. Fisher, 1988, pp. 144 and 153.
56. The war of 1839–42 was only the First Opium War. After the Second Opium
War, in 1860, the British also got Kowloon (or Jiulong) on the Chinese mainland
opposite Hong Kong Island, and in 1898 they leased the New Territories adjacent to
Kowloon. This lease was concluded for ninety-nine years and expired in 1997, at which
point the entire colony was returned to China.
57. The term global village was coined by the Canadian media philosopher Marshall
McLuhan. See de Mooij, 2004, p. 1.

Chapter 12
1. Hominins is the new name that systematists give to what was formerly called
hominids. Hominins include the genera Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus,
and Homo.
2. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge is the title of a visionary book by biologist
Edward O. Wilson (1998), who pleads for the practice of looking across disciplinary
boundaries in research.
3. Wilson, Van Vugt, & O’Gorman, 2008.
4. Weiss, 2009, provides a very readable account and interpretation of recent
research on human parasites.
5. Even today, people are instinctively scared of faces of outsiders but can learn to
overcome these fears better if the outsiders are female. See Navarrete et al., 2009. The
authors did a study on black and white U.S. citizens. They expected to fi nd neurophysi-

ological markers of anxiety and xenophobia.
6. This behavior has been documented in today’s mountain gorillas. A BBC docu-
mentary, The Gorilla King, shows how Titus, the old alpha male of a large group in
which one of his sons aspires to leadership, takes his group to the cold, barren top of
a mountain and stays there until, two days later, the young male just leaves, followed
by nearly half the group. Then the old leader also leaves, going the other way with the
remainder of the group.
7. de Waal, 1982, 1997.
8. In Chimpanzee Politics (1982), Frans de Waal describes the chimp population of
the Arnhem zoo in the early 1980s. One female, Mama, was the head of the group
and remained so even after three adult males were introduced. Only after Mama was