Page 546 - Cultures and Organizations

Notes 511

26. For example, Lord & Ranft, 2000; Lynch & Beck, 2001; for a review, see Culture’s
Consequences, 2001, p. 448 and notes.
27. de Mooij, 1998, pp. 58–59.
28. de Mooij, 2004, p. 256.
29. de Mooij, 1998, p. 57.
30. de Mooij, 2010, Chapter 9.
31. Another area of sustained and sometimes increasing cultural differentiation is
packaging design. The same products, in order to be sold in different cultures, need
different packaging (van den Berg-Weitzel & van de Laar, 2000).
32. The rest of this section is a summary of research reported in Culture’s Conse-
quences, 2001, pp. 450–51 and notes.
33. Lynn, 2000, reported on a tipping study; Misho obtained country data from
Lynn in 2006. Tip giving correlated with PDI with r 0.49** and with IDV with
r 0.41* (n 27).
34. Fisher, 1988, p. 41. Without being aware of Geert’s work, Fisher used a very
similar approach to culture. For example, he also used the computer analogy for the
human mind.
35. Lammers, 2003.
36. Groterath, 2000; Soeters & Recht, 2001.
37. This is the title of a book by Kiernan (1969) about the British imperial age.
38. Dia, 1996.
39. For example, Michael Porter’s 1990 book The Competitive Advantage of Nations
does not mention corruption.
40. The World Bank is perceived by many parties as serving U.S. interests (Stiglitz,
2002).
41. A group of authors committed to the development of Africa stresses fulfi lling
social rather than individual achievement needs (Afro-Centric Alliance, 2001). See
also d’Iribarne, 2002.
42. Hawes & Kealey, 1979.
43. Forss, Carlsen, Frøyland, Sitari, & Vilby, 1988. This study continued a pilot
study by the Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation in the Netherlands.
IRIC’s design had been to combine development agencies and multinationals in the
same study about factors leading to the effectiveness of expatriates. See Andersson &

Hofstede, 1984. After the proposed public and private cooperation fell through, the
Nordic development agencies went ahead on their own.
44. Pagès, 1971, p. 281.
45. Professor Nancy Adler, from Canada, has focused on the role of the executive
spouse and produced videos of interviews with spouses. See also Adler, 1991.
46. Bond, 1992.
47. Hofstede, Pedersen, & Hofstede, 2002.
48. Cushner & Brislin, 1996. The differences it covers are mainly those between the
United States and third-world cultures: most deal with individualism-collectivism and
power distance.