Page 541 - Cultures and Organizations

506 Notes

20. As described in a French classic: organization sociologist Michel Crozier’s The
Bureaucratic Phenomenon (Crozier, 1964).
21. Mintzberg, 1993.
22. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 382.
23. Harzing & Sorge, 2003, based on nearly three hundred foreign subsidiaries in
twenty-two countries, from more than one hundred multinationals originating from
nine countries in eight industries. Their article does not describe in what way the home
cultures affect the control process, but an obvious hypothesis is that home-country
uncertainty avoidance affects impersonal control by systems, while home-country
power distance affects personal control by expatriates.
24. Hypotheses for research on the subject have been formulated by Gray, 1988,
pp. 1–15.
25. Gambling, 1977, pp. 141–51.
26. Cleverley, 1971.
27. Hofstede, 1967.
28. Morakul & Wu, 2001.
29. Baker, 1976, pp. 886–93.
30. Hofstede, 1978.
31. Pedersen & Thomsen, 1997. The countries were Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the
United Kingdom.
32. The correlation was r 0.65*.
33. The correlation was r 0.52*. See Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 384.
34. In spite of the Austrian score, the correlation was r 0.77**.
35. Semenov, 2000. The countries were the same as in the study by Pedersen &
Thomsen plus Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States.
36. Weimer, 1995, p. 336; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 385.
37. Hofstede, van Deusen, Mueller, Charles, & the Business Goals Network, 2002.
Data about China were supplied by Chinese students with work experience in their
country but who were studying in Australia and the United States; data from Denmark
(Århus, n 62) were added in 2002 (see Hofstede, 2007b).
38. Through a factor analysis of the fi fteen goals seventeen countries matrix: fi ve
almost equally strong factors explained 78 percent of the variance.

39. LTO-CVS, r 0.59*, n 13.
40. The countries’ factor scores on cluster 5 correlated with their order of similarity
to the average ranking with r 0.73***.
41. An exception is the Dutch scholar Manfred Kets de Vries, who analyzed the
behavior of managers in Freudian terms (e.g., Kets de Vries, 2001).
42. Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, 1959.
43. McGregor, 1960. The following part is based on Hofstede, 1988, and Culture’s
Consequences, 2001, p. 387.
44. Schuler & Rogovsky, 1998; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, pp. 387–88.
45. The Ruler, Machiavelli, 1955 [1517].
46. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 388.