Page 540 - Cultures and Organizations

Notes 505

47. Standard Eurobarometer 69, 2008. European values, twenty-five EU member
states plus Turkey. Correlation of IVR with percentage who chose “freedom of speech”
among goals to be pursued for the future, r 0.75***. Correlation with percentage
who chose “democracy” as most important in connection with their idea of happiness,
r 0.59***. (Calculations courtesy of Marieke de Mooij.)

48. Data from UN Office on Drugs and Crime, 2004. The correlation between

indulgence and police officers per 100,000 inhabitants is 0.42***. None of the other
dimensions discussed in this book yields a higher correlation with this variable.
49. Minkov, 2007, 2009.
50. Diener & Tov, 2007.
Chapter 9
1. Pugh & Hickson, 1976.
2. Negandhi & Prasad, 1971, p. 128.
3. van Oudenhoven, 2001. The countries were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United
States.
4. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 378. The correlations were bureaucracy with PDI
r 0.66* and with UAI 0.63*; individual work with IDV 0.47; hostile work ambience
with MAS 0.49, both p 0.10.
5. In 2005 the Dutch parliament voted in favor of a system change that involved
replacing the appointed mayor by an elected mayor, but the proposal was stranded in
the senate.
6. Mouritzen & Svara, 2002, pp. 55–56 and 75.
7. Fayol, 1970 [1916], p. 21. Translation by GH.
8. Weber, 1976 [1930], p. 224.
9. Weber, 1970 [1948], p. 196. Translated from Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 1921,
Part III, Chapter 6, p. 650.
10. Fayol, 1970 [1916], p. 85.
11. Laurent, 1981, pp. 101–14.
12. From a paper presented in 1925, in Metcalf & Urwick, 1940, pp. 58–59.
13. Confucian values were also evident in Sun Yat-sen’s extension of the trias polit-
ica: the examination and control branches had to guarantee the virtue of the civil

servants.
14. Williamson, 1975.
15. Ouchi, 1980, pp. 129–41.
16. Kieser & Kubicek, 1983.
17. Crozier & Friedberg, 1977; Pagès, Bonetti, de Gaulejac, & Descendre, 1979.
18. Mintzberg, 1983. Later on (Mintzberg, 1989), the author added a “missionary
configuration” with “standardization of norms.” To us, this is an aspect of the other

types rather than a type by itself. It deals with the “strength” of an organization’s
culture, which will be discussed in Chapter 10.
19. Mintzberg, 1983, pp. 34–35.