Page 537 - Cultures and Organizations

502 Notes

79. Russell, 1976 [1952], p. 101.
80. Lewis, 1982, pp. 297, 229, 224, 168, and 302.
81. Adapted from Hofstede, 1994b.
82. http://aneki.com/countries.
83. van der Veen, 2002, pp. 171–75.
84. Active from 1980 to 2004, most recently in Tilburg.
85. Noorderhaven & Tidjani, 2001.
86. The article by Noorderhaven & Tidjani refers to eight factors, but they split the
first and strongest factor again into three subfactors. Our interpretation of factors 3

through 6 differs slightly from Noorderhaven & Tidjani, but it is based on the same
data.
87. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, pp. 369–70. The correlation across the ten countries
for which LTO-CVS scores were available was 0.95***.
88. Stiglitz, 2002.
89. Research by Ray Simonsen. See Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 501.
90. Kelen, 1983 [1971], p. 44.
91. Helgesen & Kim, 2002, pp. 28–29.
92. Helgesen & Kim, 2002, pp. 8–9.
Chapter 8
1. The Economist, December 22, 2001.
2. Rice & Steele, 2004.
3. Diener & Diener, 1995. The two aspects of SWB are often called “cognitive” and
“hedonic.”
4. Veenhoven, 1993.
5. Minkov, 2009.
6. For a fairly exhaustive list, see Minkov, 2009.
7. Inglehart & Baker, 2000. More precisely, Inglehart used the percentage of respon-
dents who stated they were not very happy. Instead of “well-being,” Inglehart’s later
publications use “self-expression.”
8. Extreme response style—the tendency of some nations to systematically prefer
the extreme positive position, regardless of the content of the question, when presented
with a number of choices (such as “very happy, quite happy, not very happy, not at all

happy”)—does not seem to play a role in this case. Minkov (2009) shows that precisely
the extreme position of the happiness item in the WVS yields the highest correlations
with many external variables. Therefore, it is the most meaningful, rather than the
least.
9. Minkov, 2009. Results of factor analysis always depend on the particular variables
included. Because there is no single right way to choose items for analysis, the process
inevitably involves some subjectivity.
10. The average scores are statistically the same as the percentage choosing 6 or
higher on the scale.
11. In the WVS studies between 1995 and 2004, these items were coded as follows:
happiness was A008, life control was A173, and importance of leisure was A003. In