Page 532 - Cultures and Organizations

Notes 497

64. One of the exceptions was Bruno Kreisky, the leader of the socialist majority
party who for many years was the chancellor (prime minister). Paradoxically, Kreisky
was enormously popular among large groups of the Austrian population.
65. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, pp. 175 and 196.
66. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 200.
67. Paul Schnabel in NRC Handelsblad, December 23, 1989.
68. According to the U.S. author on mythology Joseph Campbell, religion is rooted

in science. The present world religions reflect the state of science at the time they were
founded, thousands of years ago. Campbell, 1988 [1972], p. 90.
69. Deduction: reasoning from a known principle to a logical conclusion. Induction:
reaching a general conclusion by inference from particular facts.
70. Observations from Marieke de Mooij in an unpublished conference paper, “The
Reflection of Values of National Culture in Literature,” September 2000.

71. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 201.
72. Lynn, 1975; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 182. Lynn computed scores for 1935,
1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, and 1970; data for 1940 and 1945 were missing because of
World War II.

Chapter 7
1. Cao, 1980 [1760], vol. 3, p. 69.
2. Chinese Culture Connection, 1987.
3. Across all twenty-three countries, the new dimension correlated with economic
growth during 1965–85 with r 0.64**; with economic growth during 1985–95 with
r 0.70***. See Hofstede & Bond, 1988; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 367.
4. This refutes a criticism by Fang (2003), who, as an insider of Chinese culture,
argues that our combining these values into a dimension does not make Chinese sense.
As Geert argued in Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p.17, eco-logic differs from individual
logic: “One point that anthropologists have always made is that aspects of social life
which do not seem to be related to each other, actually are related” (Harris, 1981,
p. 8).
5. Michael Bond had earlier described the positive pole as “Confucian work dyna-
mism.” In Hofstede & Bond, 1988, the dimension was called “Confucian Dynamism.”
As country scores on the dimension were collected from all inhabited continents,

mostly from respondents who never heard of Confucius, Geert in his ensuing book
chose a label referring to the nature of the values involved, rather than to the origin
of the questionnaire.
6. In the 1980s communication between Chinese universities and Western research-
ers was still laborious, and the Chinese data came in only after the scores for the other
countries had already been put into a 0–100 scale. This explains the score value 118
for China.
7. The Values Survey Module 1994 included four LTO items, but in replications only
two produced answers consistent with those of the CVS respondents. We also used an
index correlated with LTO, Read’s (1993) marginal propensity to save, for extrapolat-
ing to a number of countries not in the CVS.