Page 529 - Cultures and Organizations

494 Notes

ita explained 64 percent. Across eighteen affluent countries, high GNI per capita
explained 59 percent, and low UAI an additional 14 percent. (Calculations courtesy
of Marieke de Mooij.)
19. Flash Eurobarometer 247, 2008. Facing diffi culty with the cost of raising children.

Across twenty-five countries, correlation with GNI per capita was r 0.66***. Across

eighteen affluent countries, correlation with GNI per capita was r 0.54*; with UAI
it was r 0.52*. (Calculations courtesy of Marieke de Mooij.)
20. World Values Survey, 1995–2004. Across forty-seven countries, the correlation
between UAI and percentages feeling “very healthy” was r 0.60***.
21. Payer, 1989.
22. Meeuwesen, van den Brink-Muinen, & Hofstede, 2009. The study used video-
taped interactions between 307 general practitioners and 5,820 patients in Belgium,
Estonia, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden,
and Switzerland.
23. Human Development Report 1999, Table 9. Rank correlation of nurses per doctor
with UAI was 0.54***.
24. Based on Veenhoven, 1993. See Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 158. Correlation
across twenty-one countries was r 0.64**.
25. Correlation of UAI with dispersion of happiness across twenty-six countries was
0.50**. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, on p.158, erroneously refers to a negative correla-
tion but interprets it correctly.
26. World Values Survey, 1995–2004. Across fifty countries, UAI and percentages

“not very happy” correlate with r 0.47***. UAI and percentages “very happy” cor-
relate with r 0.30*.
27. Smith, 2004. The data were from the “As is” section of the GLOBE study. The
correlation between overall level of scores and UAI was r 0.68**.
28. Stroebe, 1976, pp. 509–11.
29. For example, the works of Pierre Bourdieu cited in previous chapters.
30. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 163. The studies were done by Chandler, Shama,
Wolf, & Planchard (1981) and by Yan & Gaier (1994) and used an American scale, the
Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale (MMCS). Attributions could be
made to ability and effort (internal locus of control), to context (or task), and to luck
(external). In spite of the small numbers of countries, the relative tendency to attribute

achievement to ability was significantly negatively correlated with UAI (with Chandler

et al.’s data r 0.87*, with Yan & Gaier’s data 0.91*).
31. de Mooij, 2004, 2010; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 170; de Mooij & Hofstede,
2002.
32. Special Eurobarometer 298, 2008. Consumer protection in the Internet market.
Across nineteen prosperous countries, UAI explained 48 percent of differences. (Cal-
culations courtesy of Marieke de Mooij.)
33. Gert Jan Hofstede (2001) analyzed World Bank data for the years when mobile
phones came on the market and found a strong relationship with uncertainty avoidance
that decreased over time as mobile phones became common in all countries.