Page 530 - Cultures and Organizations

Notes 495

34. Flash Eurobarometer 241, 2008. Information society as seen by EU citizens. Per-
centages without access to the Internet across nineteen prosperous EU countries:
61 percent of country differences were explained by UAI. (Calculations courtesy of
Marieke de Mooij.)
35. Flash Eurobarometer 243, 2009. Consumers’ view on switching service providers.
Differences among nineteen prosperous EU countries: low UAI explains 46 percent,
low MAS an additional 19 percent, and high IDV an additional 10 percent—together
75 percent. (Calculations courtesy of Marieke de Mooij.)
36. Special Eurobarometer 298, 2008. Consumer protection in the Internet market.
Across nineteen prosperous countries, UAI explained 36 percent of differences, IDV
an additional 22 percent. (Calculations courtesy of Marieke de Mooij.)
37. de Mooij, 2004, p. 154.
38. Flash Eurobarometer 247, 2008. Percentages finding it very or fairly “diffi cult

to find the right work-life balance”: across twenty-five countries, high UAI explained

42 percent of differences; accross eighteen affl uent countries, high UAI explained 53
percent. Converging wealth made culture as an explaining variable more important!
(Calculations courtesy of Marieke de Mooij.)
39. d’Iribarne, 1989, pp. 26 and 76.
40. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, pp. 190 and 192.
41. Horovitz, 1980.
42. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 167; Shane, 1993.
43. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 166; Shane, Venkataraman, & Macmillan, 1995.
44. d’Iribarne, 1998.
45. Wildeman, Hofstede, Noorderhaven, Thurik, Verhoeven, & Wennekers, 1999;
Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 165. For one country, Great Britain, a longitudinal
study proved that people who started businesses for themselves did become more

satisfied with their lives than similar people employed by others. For these people at

least, the flight from dissatisfaction into self-employment paid off (Blanchfl ower &
Oswald, 1998).
46. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, pp. 163–65 and 192. The rank correlation coef-
ficient between UAI and McClelland’s “need for achievement” scores for 1925 was

0.64***; the multiple correlation coefficient of “need for achievement” with UAI and
MAS was R 0.73***. The 1950 ranking of countries does not show any correlation

with any of the IBM indexes nor with the 1925 ranking of the same countries. A plau-
sible explanation is that only the 1925 stories were like the anthropologists’ folktales
that McClelland sought to match. In 1950 (after World War II) international commu-
nication had increased dramatically, and children’s books from this period were more
likely to reveal the ideas of innovative educators and less the old traditions.

47. McClelland’s “need for affiliation” scores for 1925 were rank correlated posi-

tively with IDV (r 0.48**), showing that affiliation is more important if relation-
ships are not predetermined by the social structure. “Need for power” scores for 1925

and scores for all three needs for 1950 did not produce any significant correlations with
either IBM indexes or GNI per capita. See Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 192.