Page 525 - Cultures and Organizations

490 Notes

24. From a description in a KLM in-flight magazine on a transatlantic fl ight during

which the film was shown. Lucas was a 1986 film aimed at U.S. teenagers, directed
by David Seltzer.
25. This section draws heavily on Hofstede et al., 1998, Chapter 10 (“Comparative
Studies of Sexual Behavior”).
26. Hofstede, Neuijen, Ohayv, & Sanders, 1990. See also Chapter 8.
27. Pryor, DeSouza, Fitness, Hutz, Kumpf, Lubbert, Pesonen, & Erber, 1997,
p. 526.
28. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 325; Ross, 1989.
29. Dr. Jan A. C. de Kock van Leeuwen, personal communication.
30. As in the onetime U.S. bestseller In Search of Excellence (Peters & Waterman,
1982).
31. The difference between the two types of ethos is not a recent phenomenon. Lord
Robert Baden-Powell (1857–1941), the founder of the international Boy Scouts move-
ment, wrote a book for Rover Scouts (boys over age sixteen) called Rovering to Success.
Its translation into Dutch, dating from the 1920s, is called Zwervend op de weg naar
levensgeluk (Roving on the Road to Happiness). To the Dutch translators, success was not

a goal likely to appeal to young men. The word in Dutch has a flavor of superfi ciality.
No youth leader would defend it as a prime purpose in life.
32. Sandemose, 1938. Translation by GH with thanks to Denise Daval Ohayv.
33. Cohen, 1973.
34. Lasch, 1980, p. 117, attributed this dictum to George Allen; others claim that it
came from Vince Lombardi.
35. Hastings & Hastings, 1980; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 303. The samples
were quite large: about 1,500 per country. Hastings & Hastings provided no informa-

tion about the gender distribution of the respondents, but we assume fi fty-fifty for all

five countries. In the picture of the fighters, the actors were clearly boys.

36. Correlation was r 0.97**.
37. Ryback, Sanders, Lorentz, & Koestenblatt, 1980; Culture’s Consequences, 2001,
p. 301.
38. Cooper & Cooper, 1982, p. 80.
39. Verhulst, Achenbach, Ferdinand, & Kasius, 1993; Culture’s Consequences, 2001,
pp. 303–4.

40. U.S. author Christopher Lasch (1980) called this The Culture of Narcissism.
41. OECD, 1995; Hofstede et al., 1998, Table 5.2; Culture’s Consequences, 2001,
p. 304. Across seven countries and language groups, the percentages of those rating
themselves “excellent” were rank correlated with MAS with 0.71*.
42. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 304.
43. Witkin, 1977, p. 85; Witkin & Goodenough, 1977, p. 682.
44. A study comparing two masculine and two less masculine countries is Kühnen,
Hannover, Roeder, Shah, Schubert, Upmeyer, & Zakaria, 2001. The authors errone-
ously attribute the differences found to individualism versus collectivism.
45. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, pp. 310–11; de Mooij & Hofstede, 2002; de Mooij,
2004.