Page 520 - Cultures and Organizations

Notes 485

38. Translated by GH from the Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad, December 23,
1988.
Chapter 4
1. See the scoring guides for the VSM94 and the VSM08 at geerthofstede.nl.
2. Both factors were also strongly correlated with GNI per capita. In a regression
analysis on the four IBM dimensions, IDV explained 54 percent of the variance in
well-being versus survival, IDV plus MAS (negatively) 74 percent, and these two
plus PDI (also negatively) 82 percent. See Chapter 5; Inglehart, 1997, p. 93; Culture’s
Consequences, 2001, pp. 222–23 and 266.
3. Minkov, 2007. His latest scores are based on average values from the 1995–2004
and 2005–08 waves of the WVS.
4. The correlation between IDV and exclusionism was r 0.77*** (n 41). In
a regression analysis of exclusionism on the four IBM dimensions, IDV (negatively)
explained 59 percent of the variance, adding MAS explained 65 percent, and adding
PDI explained 69 percent.
5. Eurobarometer 69.1, 2008. The values were democracy, equality, human rights,
individual freedom, peace, religion, respect for human life, respect for other cultures,
rule of law, solidarity, self-fulfillment, and tolerance. Of country differences in the

frequency of people choosing “respect for other cultures,” IDV explained 30 percent,
and (low) MAS explained an additional 23 percent. (Calculations courtesy of Marieke
de Mooij.)
6. The correlation coefficients with IDV measured for the populations listed in

Table 2.1 were 0.69*** for the elites, 0.63*** for the employees of six other organi-
zations, 0.70*** for the airline pilots, 0.60** for the consumers, and 0.61*** for the
bank employees.
7. Chinese Culture Connection, 1987. Across the twenty countries in both studies,
integration correlated 0.65*** with IDV and 0.58** with PDI. Across seventeen
common countries, it correlated 0.70** with Minkov’s exclusionism.
8. On the basis of data from teachers in twenty-three countries: Schwartz, 1994,
pp. 112–15, and Culture’s Consequences, 2001, pp. 220–21 and 265. Three of Schwartz’s
categories that correlated with IDV were even more strongly correlated with GNI
per capita. The remaining two were “hierarchy,” which was negatively correlated with

IDV, and “egalitarian commitment,” which was positively correlated.
9. Smith, Peterson, & Schwartz, 2002. Across thirty-nine countries, autonomy ver-
sus embeddedness correlated with IDV with r 0.64*** and egalitarianism versus
mastery with r 0.50***.
10. See our introduction to the GLOBE study in Chapter 2. Across forty-eight com-
mon countries, IDV and in-group collectivism “as is” correlated with 0.77***. In a
stepwise regression analysis of all eighteen GLOBE dimensions against IDV, only
in-group collectivism “as is” remained, explaining the 58 percent common variance
mentioned.
11. Institutional collectivism “should be” correlated 0.46** with UAI and 0.40**
with IDV. In a stepwise regression, UAI explained 15 percent of the variance in insti-