Page 523 - Cultures and Organizations

488 Notes

50. From a paper by Alfred J. Kraemer, “Cultural Aspects of Intercultural Train-
ing,” presented at the International Congress of Applied Psychology, Munich, August
1978.
51. This was shown empirically by Pedersen & Thomsen, 1997.
52. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 247.
53. Humana, 1992; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, pp. 247–48.
54. English version of the text from Harding & Phillips, 1986, p. 86.
55. Stoetzel, 1983, p. 78; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 275, note 31. The rank
correlation between the freedom/equality ratio and IDV was 0.84**; between the
freedom/equality ratio and PDI it was about zero.
56. Maslow, 1970.
57. Anchored to the level of the IBM scores for the white Australians, the aborigi-
nals’ scores were PDI 80, IDV 89, MAS 22, and UAI 128. Their anchored
score for LTO CVS was 10. See Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 501.
58. For the countries from the IBM sample, the correlation of IDV with GNI per
capita was r 0.85*** in 1970, 0.79*** in 1980, 0.74*** in 1990, and 0.72*** in 2000.
For the total set of countries in Table 4.1, it was 0.59*** in 2000.
59. Across ninety-one countries, GNI per capita in 1970 correlated 0.93*** with
GNI per capita in 1980, 0.89*** in 1990, and 0.80*** in 2000 and correlated 0.76***
with GNI per capita at PPP in 2007.
60. The IBM data bank allowed measuring shifts in individualism during the four-
year period from 1968 to 1972. Out of twenty countries that had been surveyed in
both years, nineteen had become richer, and all of these had shifted toward greater
individualism. The only country in the set that had become poorer, Pakistan, shifted
slightly toward the collectivist side.

Chapter 5
1. For example, Mead, 1962 [1950].
2. Costa, Terraciano, & McCrae (2001) compared mean scores on the NEO- PI-R
Big Five personality test for women and men in twenty-six cultures. They found con-
sistent gender differences across cultures. Women scored themselves higher on all
facets of N (neuroticism) and A (agreeableness), and from the other dimensions of
personality women scored higher on some facets: warmth, gregariousness, positive

emotions, and openness to aesthetics. Men scored themselves higher on the facets
assertiveness, excitement seeking, and openness to ideas.
3. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 280, following Broverman, Vogel, Broverman,
Clarkson, & Rosenkrantz, 1972.
4. Hofstede et al., 1998.
5. According to the Sign Test, this provides significant support for the dimension

at the 0.05 level (one-tailed).
6. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 265. The correlation across twenty-three countries
was r 0.53**.
7. Bond’s Chinese Value Survey across twenty-three countries produced a “human-
heartedness” dimension correlated with MAS. Students in countries scoring high on