Page 519 - Cultures and Organizations

484 Notes

23. Deschepper, Grigoryan, Lundborg, Hofstede, Cohen, Van der Kelen, Deliens,
& Haaijer-Ruskamp, 2008. The study summarizes the results of three studies across
European countries: a survey of patients in nineteen countries about prescribed medi-
cation and self-medication, a study of distribution or reimbursement of antibiotics in
twenty-four countries, and Eurobarometer data about medication use from representa-
tive samples of the population in fi fteen countries.
24. de Kort, Wagenmans, van Dongen, Slotboom, Hofstede, & Veldhuizen, 2010.

Across the twenty-five countries, PDI correlated with donors per one hundred inhab-
itants with r 0.54**, with blood collections per one thousand inhabitants with
0.77***, and with blood supplied to hospitals with 0.65***.
25. d’Iribarne, 1989, p. 77. Translation by GH.
26. Management by objectives is a system of periodic meetings between superior
and subordinate in which the latter commits him- or herself to the achievement of
certain objectives. In the next meeting this achievement is assessed and new objectives
for the coming period are agreed on.
27. Smith, Peterson, & Schwartz, 2002. The correlation of the verticality index with
PDI across forty overlapping countries was 0.60***. It was the strongest correlation
with external data found in the event management research project.
28. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 93. The correlation coefficient between tradi-

tional authority and PDI across twenty-seven overlapping countries was 0.56**.
29. According to Eurobarometer 69.1, 2008, across the nineteen wealthier countries
(2007 GNI per capita over 19,000 euros), high PDI explained 50 percent of the dif-
ferences in percentages not trusting the police. In the Eurobarometer survey among
young Europeans, 2007, for the same nineteen wealthier countries, low PDI explained
41 percent of the differences in percentages joining a political party and 39 percent in
having participated in debates with policy makers. (Calculations courtesy of Marieke
de Mooij.)
30. More about Confucianism will be discussed in Chapter 7.
31. “Store up no treasures for yourselves on earth, where moth and rust corrode,
where thieves break in and steal: store up treasures for yourself in heaven, where neither
moth nor rust corrode, where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your trea-
sure lies, your heart will lie there too” (St. Matthew 6:19–21, Moffatt translation).
32. Machiavelli, 1955 [1517], p. 91.

33. Triandis, 1973, pp. 55–68. See also Chapter 9.
34. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, pp. 115–17.
35. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 118.
36. van de Vliert, 2009.
37. The IBM research project allowed a comparison between data for 1968 and
1972. During this four-year term the desire for independence among IBM employees
increased worldwide, no doubt under the influence of the international communication

of ideas. However, this desire was matched by a shift in the direction of more equality
in perceived power only in countries in which power distances had already been small.
In fact, countries at opposite ends of the scale grew wider apart (Culture’s Consequences,
2001, p. 136).