Page 533 - Cultures and Organizations

498 Notes

8. Elias, 1969, pp. 336–41.
9. Schneider & Lysgaard (1953) in a survey of U.S. high school students showed that
deferment of gratification increased with the occupational class of the parents.

10. Levine, Sato, Hashimoto, & Verma, 1995; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 360.
11. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, pp. 360–61.
12. Best & Williams, 1996; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 361.
13. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 359; Hill & Romm, 1996. Their study also
included mothers from Israel, whose answers were somewhere in between those from
the two Australian groups.
14. Bond & Wang, 1983, p. 60.
15. Chew-Lim, 1997, p. 98.
16. From the Li Chi, a collection of writings of the disciples of Confucius codifi ed
around 100 b.c.; in Watts, 1979, p. 83.
17. Wirthlin Worldwide, 1996.
18. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 356. The correlation with 1993 WVS data across
eleven countries was 0.51*. Leisure time was rated very important by 68 percent of
respondents in Nigeria and by 14 percent in China.
19. Mamman & Saffu, 1998.
20. See Chapter 9 and Hofstede, van Deusen, Mueller, Charles, & the Business Goals
Network, 2002, p. 800. The multiple correlation across twelve overlapping countries
was R 0.62*.
21. Redding, 1990, p. 209.
22. Hastings & Hastings, 1981. The correlation across eleven countries was
0.69**.
23. Yeung & Tung, 1996.
24. Across the nineteen countries for which 2002 data were available, BPI and LTO
were correlated with 0.67**, high-LTO countries more often paying bribes.
25. Herman Vuijsje, “Twee koffie, twee koekjes,” in NRC Handelsblad, April 16,

1988. Quotes translated by GH.
26. Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 363.
27. Data from an article by Rob Schoof in NRC Handelsblad, January 18, 2003,
based on information from the International Center for Prison Studies, King’s Col-
lege, London.

28. Campbell, 1988 [1972], pp. 71–75.
29. Hastings & Hastings, 1981; Culture’s Consequences, 2001, p. 361.
30. Worm, 1997, p. 52, citing the 1936 book My Country and My People, by the Chi-
nese author Lin Yutang.
31. Carr, Munro, & Bishop, 1996.
32. Gao, Ting-Toomey, & Gudykunst, 1996, p. 293.
33. Kim, 1995, p. 663.
34. Yukawa Hideki, in Moore, 1967, p. 290.

35. Minkov (2007) uses the spelling “flexumility”; we reintroduced the h to allow
use of the adjective fl exhumble.