Page 101 - Cyberculture and New Media

92 On the Way to the Cyber-Arab-Culture
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countries without large financial surpluses, using all their income plus
additional borrowing to finance development; and 4) oil-rich exporting
countries with relatively small populations, which are the main sources of aid
and financing for many development projects in other Arab countries. Raffer
and Salih, op. cit., p. 1.
36
Eid, op. cit., p. 252.
37
R A Abdulla, ‘An Overview of Media Developments in Egypt:
Does the Internet Make a Difference?’ Global Media Journal: Mediterranean
Edition, vol. 1-1, 2006, p. 94.
38
United Arab Emirates, World of Information Business Intelligence
Reports, vol. 1, 2001, Walden Publishing, Essex, UK, p. 34.
39
Algeria, op. cit., p. 40; Jordan, World of Information Business
Intelligence Reports, vol. 1, 2001, Walden Publishing, Essex, UK, p. 21;
Lebanon, op. cit., p. 30; T Younis, ‘Privatization: A Review of Policy and
Implementation in Selected Arab Countries’. International Journal of Public
Sector Management, vol. 9-3, 1996, p. 18.
40
There are three categories of Internet providers in the Arab world:
1) countries with a single provider, most often a government post, telegraph,
and telephone provider, such as Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain,
Qatar, Kuwait, and Oman; 2) countries with multiple providers, such as
Lebanon, Egypt, and Morocco; and 3) countries where Internet services are
confined to research centres and universities or are not available at all, such
as Iraq, Syria, Sudan, and Libya. Ayish, op. cit., p. 121.
41
A M Aladwani, ‘Key Internet Characteristics and E-Commerce
Issues in Arab Countries’. Information Technology & People, vol. 16-1,
2003, pp. 13-14.
42
N Sakr, ‘Freedom of Expression, Accountability and
Development in the Arab Region’. Journal of Human Development, vol. 4-1,
2003, p. 42.
43
Eid, op. cit., pp. 252-255.
44
Ayish, op. cit., pp. 111-112.
45
Kirchner, op. cit., p. 138.
46
L Dahlberg, ‘The Internet and Democratic Discourse: Exploring
the Prospects of Online Deliberative Forums Extending the Public Sphere’.
Information, Communication & Society, vol. 4-4, 2001, pp. 615-617.
47
S Abdel-Nabi, J Agha, J Choucair and M Mikdashi, ‘Pop Goes the
Arab World: Popular Music, Gender, Politics, and Transnationalism in the
Arab World’. Hawwa, vol. 2-2, 2004, pp. 232-235.
48
Ibid, pp. 236-237.
49
Ibid, pp. 240-241.
50
Ayish, op. cit., p. 128.