Page 100 - Cyberculture and New Media
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Mahmoud Eid                        91
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                                     23
                                        D  A  Boyd,  ‘Saudi  Arabia’s  International  Media  Strategy:
                             Influence Through Multinational Ownership’, in Mass Media, Politics, and
                             Society  in  the  Middle  East.  K  Hafez  (ed),  Hampton  Press,  Cresskill,  New
                             Jersey, 2001, p. 56; Eid, op. cit.; H Kirchner, ‘Internet in the Arab World: A
                             Step Towards “Information Society”‘, in Mass Media, Politics, and Society in
                             the Middle East. K Hafez (ed), Hampton Press, Cresskill, New Jersey, 2001,
                             p. 137; The Internet in the Mideast and North Africa: Free Expression and
                             Censorship,  Human  Rights  Watch,  1999,  viewed  on  28  March  2008,
                             <http://www.hrw.org/hrw/advocacy/internet/mena/download.htm>.
                                     24
                                       Eid, op. cit., p. 250.
                                     25
                                        K  Sorensen,  ‘Silencing  the  Net:  The  Threat  to  Freedom  of
                             Expression On-line’. Human Rights Watch, vol. 8-2, 1996, pp. 18-19.
                                     26
                                       Kirchner, op. cit., pp. 151-152.
                                     27
                                       Eid, op. cit., pp. 250-251.
                                     28
                                        H  Amin,  ‘Freedom  as  a  Value  in  Arab  Media:  Perceptions  and
                             Attitudes Among Journalists’. Political Communication, vol. 19-2, 2002, p.
                             132.
                                     29
                                        Telecommunication  Policies  for  the  Arab  Region  –  the  Arab
                             Book,  Regional  Telecommunication  Development  Conference  for  the  Arab
                             States  --  Lebanon,  11-15  November,  1996,  ITU,  Telecommunication
                             Development  Bureau,  Beirut,  Lebanon,  viewed  on  1  April  2008,
                             <http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-d/rtdc96/010v2e_ww2.doc>.
                                     30
                                       Algeria, World of Information Business Intelligence Reports, vol.
                             1, 2001, Walden Publishing, Essex, UK, p. 35.
                                     31
                                       Lebanon, World of Information Business Intelligence Reports, vol.
                             1, 2001, Walden Publishing, Essex, UK, p. 26.
                                     32
                                       A D Kayal, ‘Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia: A Paradigm of
                             Rapid  Progress’,  in  Telecommunications  in  Western  Asia  and  the  Middle
                             East. E M Noam (ed), Oxford University Press, New York, 1997, p. 163.
                                     33
                                       P V Vivekanand and J E Kollar, ‘Telecommunications in Jordan’,
                             in  E  M  Noam  (ed),  Telecommunications  in  Western  Asia  and  the  Middle
                             East. Oxford University Press, New York, 1997, p. 157.
                                     34
                                       D Winterford and R E Looney, ‘Advanced Telecommunications
                             and  the  Economic  Diversification  of  Bahrain’,  in  Telecommunications  in
                             Western Asia and the Middle East. E M Noam (ed), Oxford University Press,
                             New York, 1997, p. 223.
                                     35
                                        Arab  countries  fall  into  four  categories  with  regard  to  their
                             economic  structure:  1)  low-income  countries  that  are  poor  in  natural
                             resources,  manpower  skills,  and  financial  capacities;  2)  non-oil-exporting,
                             middle-income  countries  that,  in  general,  have  large  populations  and  skills
                             but limited natural resources and small financial capacities; 3) oil-exporting
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