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Mahmoud Eid 91
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23
D A Boyd, ‘Saudi Arabia’s International Media Strategy:
Influence Through Multinational Ownership’, in Mass Media, Politics, and
Society in the Middle East. K Hafez (ed), Hampton Press, Cresskill, New
Jersey, 2001, p. 56; Eid, op. cit.; H Kirchner, ‘Internet in the Arab World: A
Step Towards “Information Society”‘, in Mass Media, Politics, and Society in
the Middle East. K Hafez (ed), Hampton Press, Cresskill, New Jersey, 2001,
p. 137; The Internet in the Mideast and North Africa: Free Expression and
Censorship, Human Rights Watch, 1999, viewed on 28 March 2008,
<http://www.hrw.org/hrw/advocacy/internet/mena/download.htm>.
24
Eid, op. cit., p. 250.
25
K Sorensen, ‘Silencing the Net: The Threat to Freedom of
Expression On-line’. Human Rights Watch, vol. 8-2, 1996, pp. 18-19.
26
Kirchner, op. cit., pp. 151-152.
27
Eid, op. cit., pp. 250-251.
28
H Amin, ‘Freedom as a Value in Arab Media: Perceptions and
Attitudes Among Journalists’. Political Communication, vol. 19-2, 2002, p.
132.
29
Telecommunication Policies for the Arab Region – the Arab
Book, Regional Telecommunication Development Conference for the Arab
States -- Lebanon, 11-15 November, 1996, ITU, Telecommunication
Development Bureau, Beirut, Lebanon, viewed on 1 April 2008,
<http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-d/rtdc96/010v2e_ww2.doc>.
30
Algeria, World of Information Business Intelligence Reports, vol.
1, 2001, Walden Publishing, Essex, UK, p. 35.
31
Lebanon, World of Information Business Intelligence Reports, vol.
1, 2001, Walden Publishing, Essex, UK, p. 26.
32
A D Kayal, ‘Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia: A Paradigm of
Rapid Progress’, in Telecommunications in Western Asia and the Middle
East. E M Noam (ed), Oxford University Press, New York, 1997, p. 163.
33
P V Vivekanand and J E Kollar, ‘Telecommunications in Jordan’,
in E M Noam (ed), Telecommunications in Western Asia and the Middle
East. Oxford University Press, New York, 1997, p. 157.
34
D Winterford and R E Looney, ‘Advanced Telecommunications
and the Economic Diversification of Bahrain’, in Telecommunications in
Western Asia and the Middle East. E M Noam (ed), Oxford University Press,
New York, 1997, p. 223.
35
Arab countries fall into four categories with regard to their
economic structure: 1) low-income countries that are poor in natural
resources, manpower skills, and financial capacities; 2) non-oil-exporting,
middle-income countries that, in general, have large populations and skills
but limited natural resources and small financial capacities; 3) oil-exporting