Page 34 - Design for Six Sigma a Roadmap for Product Development

12 Chapter One

Seven tools of quality. Tools that help organizations understand their
processes to improve them are the cause-and-effect diagram, the
checksheet, the control chart, the flowchart, the histogram, the Pareto
chart, and the scatter diagram (see individual entries).
One of the Japanese quality pioneers, Kaoru Ishikawa, is credited
for the development of and dissemination of the seven tools of quality.
Ishikawa promoted the “democratizing statistics,” which means the
universal use of simple, effective statistical tools by all the workforce,
not just statisticians, for problem solving and process improvement.

Shanin method. Dorian Shanin developed a discipline called statistical
engineering. In his statistical engineering, he promoted many effective
problem-solving methods such as search by logic, multi-variate chart,
and data pattern recognition. He was in charge of quality control at a
large division of United Technologies Corporation and later did con-
sulting work for more than 900 organizations. Shanin also was on the
faculty of the University of Chicago and wrote more than 100 articles
and several books.

1.3.5 Total quality management (TQM) (1960)
After 1960, first in Japan and later in the rest of the world, more and
more people realized that quality could not be assured by just a small
group of quality professionals, but required the active involvement of
the whole organization, from management to ordinary employees. In
1960, the first “quality control circles” were formed in Japan and sim-
ple statistical methods were used for quality improvement. Later on, a
quality-oriented management approach, total quality management
(TQM), was developed. TQM is a management approach to long-term
success through customer satisfaction and is based on the participa-
tion of all members of an organization in improving processes, prod-
ucts, services, and the culture in which they work. The methods for
implementing this approach are found in the teachings of such quality
leaders as W. Edwards Deming, Kaoru Ishikawa, Joseph M. Juran,
and many others.

Dr. W. Edwards Deming. Deming was a protégé of Dr. Walter Shewhart;
he also spent one year studying under Sir Ronald Fisher. After Deming
shared his expertise in statistical quality control to help the U.S. war
effort during World War II, the War Department sent him to Japan in
1946 to help that nation recover from its wartime losses. Deming pub-
lished more than 200 works, including the well-known books Quality,
Productivity, and Competitive Position and Out of the Crisis.