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7.2 Social Learning 111
To promote student engagement and keep track of student collaboration.
Learning analytics and big data are useful in monitoring learner progress. Many
learning platforms can track and analyze the behavior and learning processes to
monitor and predict student’s achievements and recommend interventions to pro-
mote learning.

7.2.4 Social Learning and Computer-Supported
Collaborative Learning

There is an obvious relationship between social and collaborative learning as
suggested. In addition, when technology is added to the mix, the relationship of
computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) and social learning is worth
highlighting (Scardalmia & Bereiter, 1994, 2006). Key aspects of CSCL build on
Vygotsky’s(1978) social development theory and incorporate Stahl’s(2006) col-
laboration to suggest a pedagogical approach that emphasizes he shared construc-
tion of knowledge and understanding.

7.3 Building and Managing Learning Communities
and Groups

7.3.1 The Five Stages of Group Development

Before building a group, how a group develops should be understood. Effective
group development follows a structured process. Tuckman (1965), Tuckman and
Jensen (1977) summarized that process regarding five stages: forming, storming,
norming, performing, and adjourning (Fig. 7.1).
Forming: People with same goals come together, and they need to know the
similarities and differences of the team members. The critical thing at this stage is to
let members becoming familiar with each other and their task. Discussing the scope
of the effort, formulating the methods to deal with the task, and establishing the
rules of engagement are relevant at this stage.
Storming: When the group attempts to accomplish a task, conflicts about
responsibility, division, or rules may surface. The important things at this stage are
listening to others, clarifying ideas, finding solutions, and testing ideas.
Norming: When the group overcomes a conflict, the members become more
actively engaged and more involved in sharing information, maintaining commu-
nity, and solving new issues. The important thing at this stage is group awareness
that the group is effective. Indicators of group effectiveness at this stage are the
clarification of interaction processes and taking actions to address problems.
Performing: When the group reaches this stage, members are genuinely inter-
dependent, and the group has developed a real unity. Group members are highly
oriented to tasks; they collaborate smoothly and play different roles according to the