Page 249 - Educational Technology A Primer for the 21st Century

244 Appendix: Key Terms in the Book
8. An education system is a man-made system and can be considered as a sub-
system of the society in which it exists. One might think of an education system
as taking inputs from the society (e.g., students) and providing outputs to
society (e.g., graduates). Moreover, an education system could be conceptu-
alized as a collection of subsystems, such as a school system, a curricular
system, a grading system, and so on.
9. An ICAI system is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence tech-
niques for representing knowledge and performing an interaction with a student
to stimulate and control his learning in a given field. In an intelligent instruc-
tional system, the student is actively engaged with the educational environment,
and his interests and misunderstandings drive the tutorial dialogue.
10. An instructional system is a subsystem within an education system, although
one can describe elements and interactions relevant to an instructional system
(e.g., resources, assessments, instructors, students, scaffolding, etc.). One can
also consider a curriculum as a system within the larger instructional system.
In short, one can elaborate on an education system in terms of subsystems.
11. An intelligent tutoring system is computer software designed to simulate a
human tutor’s behavior and guidance. It can assist students in studying a variety
of subjects by posing questions, parsing responses, and offering customized
instruction and feedback.
12. ARCS model is a problem-solving approach to designing the motivational
aspects of learning environments to stimulate and sustain students' motivation
to learn.
13. Augmented reality (AR) involves the addition of a computer-assisted
contextual layer of information overlaid on a real-world context or situation,
creating an enhanced or augmented reality.
14. Behaviorism is a perspective that focuses almost exclusively on directly
observable things to explain learning. The major idea of behaviorism is that
learning is the stimulus-response sequence.
15. Bloom’s Taxonomy refers to six levels, sub-domains within the cognitive
domain, which are knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
and evaluation. The six levels are classified hierarchically from the simplest
action to the high-order thinking actions.
16. CAI is the method of instruction in which there is a purposeful interaction
between a learner and the computer device (having useful instructional material
as software) for helping the individual learner achieve the desired instructional
objectives with his own pace and abilities at his command.
17. Centrality describes the numbers of ties an actor has. The more ties an actor
has, the higher centrality the actor is. When the network has direction, there are
two indicators to explain centrality: in-degree and out-degree.
18. CIPP evaluation model: evaluation can be adapted in four aspects: context
evaluation, input evaluation, process evaluation, and product evaluation.
19. Cloud computing refers to expandable, on-demand services, and tools that
serve users via the Internet from a specialized data center and that are not
installed on users’ devices.