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2.3 Technology-Enhanced Learning                                45



                                                     • Internet  • MOOCs
                     • Chemo-Card           • PLATO  • Interactive  • Social networking
                     • Teaching Machine     • ARPANET  Multimedia  • Cloud computing
                     • ……                   • LOGO   • ……      • ……
              Technologies
                                            • ……
                                                                4)Connectivism
                                                     3)Constructivism
                                           2)Cognitivism
                         1)Behaviorism
             Theories
              Learning
                  1920                  1960       1980       2000     Times
            Fig. 2.2 Timeline of learning theories and technologies



              which is suggested that the use of teaching machines can solve many
              teaching problems and promote the development of program teaching
              movement at that time. He designed teaching machine and program teaching
              according to the theory of operational conditioning and positive
              reinforcement.


                 If you want to read more concerning the teaching machine, please read A History of
                 Teaching Machine (Benjamin, 1988).



              In 1930, J. Peterson designed chemo-card which can support automatic scoring
            and timely feedback.
              (2) Cognitivism became dominant in the 1970s and 1980s. Many early educa-
            tional technology developments occurred in university settings, and these were
            often associated with various computer technologies, such as PLATO (Programmed
            Logic for Automated Teaching Operations) and Logo.
              PLATO     (see  https://chip.web.ischool.illinois.edu/people/projects/timeline/
            1960won.html) was the first generalized computer-assisted instruction system
            developed in the 1960s at the University of Illinois. It developed many tools to
            support the design, development, and deployment of learning environments. Many
            modern concepts in multi-user computing were developed in PLATO, including
            forums, message boards, online testing, e-mail, chat rooms, picture languages,
            instant messaging, remote screen sharing, and multi-player games.
              In the 1970s, the Logo programming language was introduced to support many
            instructional activities, and some people thought it would revolutionize teaching
            and learning in schools (Spector, 2016). In 1980, Seymour Papert introduced Logo.
            It was the first language specifically designed to enable children to learn by
            discovery.
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