Page 97 - Educational Technology A Primer for the 21st Century

86 5 Users Perspective of Educational Technology
textbooks are primarily visual. But providing text, audio, video, and hands-on
learning gives all kids a chance to access the material in whichever way is best
suited to their learning strengths.
• Provide multiple means of action and expression (the “how” of learning):
UDL suggests giving kids more than one way to interact with the material and to
show what they’ve learned. For example, students might get to choose between
taking a pencil-and-paper test, giving an oral presentation, and doing a group
project.

5.5 The ARCS Model of Motivational Design

The ARCS model of motivational design is a theory created by John Keller rooted
in analyzing the motivational characteristics of learners. It is a problem-solving
approach to design the motivational aspects of learning environments to promote
and sustain students’ motivation to learn (Keller, 1987).
According to the ARCS model, there are four interrelated phases for stimulating
and sustaining learner’s motivation in the teaching and learning process: Attention,
Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS), as shown in Fig. 5.3.

(1) Attention
Attention in this theory refers to the interest of students in learning the
concepts/ideas being taught. According to Keller (1997, 2009), there are two
general ways to stimulate students’ attention. (1) Perceptual arousal uses
surprise or uncertainly to gain interest and uses novel, surprising, incongruous,

Fig. 5.3 ARCS model of motivational design. Adapted from Keller (2009)