Page 109 - Effective Communication Soft Skills Strategies For Success by Nitin Bhatnagar, Mamta Bhatnagar

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Models of Communication | 97

There were several additional models by Schramm dealing with the
dynamics of the communication process.
It was in the model that Schramm introduced the concept of field of
experience which he thought to be essential to determining whether or not
a message would be received at the destination in the manner intended by
the source.
Schramm’s view of communication was more elaborate than many
others developed during this period and added new elements in describing
the process in addition to re-emphasizing the elements of sources, message,
and destination. It suggested the importance of encoding and decoding
processes and the role of field of experience. Further, whereas other models
had acknowledged that the receiver might either be a single person or a large
audience, this model suggested that a source could also be one individual
or many, and in actual operation, the source and the receiver were often
indistinguishable.
Schramm went on to modify his models further to enable us to under-
stand the process of communication completely. According to Schramm
each person in the communication process can be called as both an encoder
and decoder because he learns to transmit and receive the message in the
form acceptable to both on the basis of individual’s accumulated experience.
He portrayed the sender or receiver, thus, in Figure 5.13.
Schramm felt each individual to be ‘switchboard centres, handling and
re-routing the great endless current of communication’. He said, ‘we can
accurately think of communication as passing through us—changed to be
sure by our interpretations, by our habits, our abilities and our capabilities,
but the input still being reflected in the output’. According to Schramm there
is now need ‘to add another element of our description of the communication
process’, that is, the role of the interpreter.

Message

Encoder Decoder

Interpreter Interpreter

Decoder Encoder
Message

Figure 5.13
Schramm’s Model (1954) (c)
Source: The Process and Effects of Mass Communication, Wilbur Schramm (Ed.), 1965.

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