Page 266 - Academic Press Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology 3rd BioTechnology

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Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology EN016J-783 August 1, 2001 10:58

Tissue Engineering

Fran¸cois Berthiaume
Martin L. Yarmush
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
and Shriners Hospital for Children

I. A Brief History of Tissue Engineering
II. Fundamentals of Tissue Engineering
III. Applications of Tissue Engineering
IV. Future Prospects for Tissue Engineering

GLOSSARY Endocrine cell A cell whose primary function in the body
is to secrete factors which travel in the blood stream
Allogeneic Qualifies tissues used for transplantation and regulate the function and metabolism of other
among different individuals of the same species. cells.
Autologous Qualifies tissues used for transplantation to Endothelial cell A cell which forms a selective barrier
the same individual, or an identical twin, and thus not on the inner surface of blood vessels.
at risk of immune rejection. Epithelial cell A cell type which forms selective barriers
Biomaterial A biocompatible material onto which cells that isolate different compartments from the rest of the
can be cultured. body, such as the gut, stomach, or bladder.
Bioreactor A device with special fittings which allows Extracellular matrix Insoluble macromolecular net-
the large-scale culture of cells. work which surrounds cells in tissues.
Connectivetissue Tissuewhichprimarilyprovidesstruc- Ligand Hormone or growth factor molecule which binds
tural support in the body and is typically made of cells a specific receptor on the cell surface.
embedded in an extracellular matrix. Morphogenesis The process whereby aggregates of cells
Convection A mode of transport driven by fluid flow car- undergo progressive reorganization into a tissue-like
rying the solute particles to the cells or region where structure.
they are needed. Receptor A specialized protein on the cell surface which
Differentiation The process whereby a cultured cell ex- binds specific hormones or growth factors and trans-
hibits a greater number of characteristics reminiscent mits this information inside the cell.
of the function and behavior of the parent tissue in vivo. Signal transduction The process whereby the ligand–
Diffusion A mode of transport driven by random molec- receptor binding event is intracellularly amplified
ular motion and which depends on the presence of a and converted to a cellular response (i.e., such as cell
gradient of concentration of solute particles. division).

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