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 Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology  EN002J-63  May 18, 2001  14:16




















                                                       Biomineralization and



                                                          Biomimetic Materials







              Paul Calvert
              University of Arizona



                I. Structural Biological Materials
                II. Structural Proteins
               III. Structural Polysaccharides
               IV. Mineralized Tissues
                V. Biological and Synthetic Processing
               VI. The Process of Biomineralization
              VII. Biomimetic Materials
              VIII. Applications of Biomimetic Materials








              GLOSSARY                                          Structural materials Materials with the principal func-
                                                                  tion of carrying mechanical load, as opposed to sensors,
              Biomedical materials Materials for medical implants.  actuators or electrical conductors.
                May be soft, as in vascular grafts, or hard, as in hip
                replacement. May be wholly synthetic or of biologi-
                cal origin. Tissue-engineered implants are coated with  THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES of
                cells previously removed from the patient and cultured  biological tissues are of interest because they influence
                on the implant.                                 the morphology and behavior of each species. Biologi-
              Biomimetic (or bionspired) materials Synthetic mate-  cal tissues are also of interest in that they can suggest
                rials formed using principles derived from the growth  new designs for synthetic materials and new ways of us-
                of biological tissue.                           ing synthetic materials to achieve an engineering goal. In
              Biomineralization Theprocessofforminginorganicma-  surgery, we have the more difficult problem of developing
                terial as part of the growth of biological tissue.  synthetic materials that will work in tandem with animal
              Freeform fabrication Family of methods to buiild ob-  tissues. The following article contrasts synthetic and bio-
                jectsfromathree-dimensionalcomputerrepresentation  logical approaches to processing, to material structure and
                driving some deposition system. As opposed to mold-  to the use of materials in design, especially as this applies
                ing or machining.                               to mineral-reinforced composite structures.



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