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700 Liquid Chromatography

Chemiluminescence detection continues to receive SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES
attention for HPLC postcolumn detection. Molecules that
are fluorescent can be detected using a peroxalate reac- ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY • GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY •
tion scheme. An oxalate derivate, often trichloropheny- HYDROGEN BOND • ORGANIC CHEMISTRY,COMPOUND
loxalate, is oxidized by peroxide or UV light to form a DETECTION
1,2-dioxetanedione, which can then interact with the fluo-
rescentmoleculetogenerateaCLsignal.Detectionofdan-
sylamino acids, coumarin modified carboxylic acids, and BIBLIOGRAPHY
polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the femtomole range is pos-
sible. The metal complex (tris)bipyridine)-ruthenium(III) Beesley, T. E., and Scott, R. P. W. (1998). “Chiral Chromatography,”
has also been used for the CL detection of aliphatic Wiley, New York.
amines, particularly tertiary amines, by Danielson and Braithwaite, A., and Smith, F. J. (1996). “Chromatographic Methods,
co-workers. Detection limits for drugs such as ery- 5th Ed,” Chapman & Hall, London.
Brown, P. R., and Hartwick, R. A. (1989). “High Performance Liquid
thromycin and clindamycin phosphate are in the low ppb
Chromatography,” Wiley, New York.
range. Dolan, J. W., and Snyder, L. R. (1989). “Troubleshooting LC Systems,”
Heterogeneousderivatizations,eitherinthepre-orpost- Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey.
column mode, using a reagent as a solid or bonded to pack- Frei, R. W., and Lawrence, J. F. (eds.) (1982). “Chemical Derivatization
ing particles have been explored by Krull and co-workers. in Analytical Chemistry,” Vols. 1 and 2, Plenum Press, New York.
Fritz, J. S., Gjerde, D. T., and Pohlandt, C. (1982). “Ion Chromatogra-
Alkyl iodides and epoxides were converted to picryl ethers
phy,” Huthig, Heidelberg.
using silica supported silver picrate before HPLC separa- Horvath, C. (ed.) (1980). “High Performance Liquid Chromatography,”
tion. UV detectability at 220 nm was markedly improved Vols. 1, 2, and 3, Academic Press, New York.
with detection limits at the ppb level. Lower detectability Ishi, D. (ed.) (1988). “Introduction to Microscale High Performance
was possible using either reductive or photolysis electro- Liquid Chromatography,” VCH Publishers, New York.
Katz, E. (1998). “Handbook of HPLC,” Marcel Dekker, New York.
chemical detection.
Kucera, P. (ed.) (1984). “Microcolumn High Performance Liquid Chro-
Postcolumn photochemical derivatization is a relatively matography,” Elsevier, Amsterdam.
simple way to improve the UV or fluorescent properties Lunn, G., and Hellwig, L. C. (1998). “Handbook of Derivatization Re-
of a wide variety of aromatic compounds. Irradiation is actions for HPLC,” Wiley, New York.
accomplished on-line by wrapping small diameter Teflon Lunn, G., and Schmuff, N. R. (1997). “HPLC Methods for Pharmaceu-
tical Analysis,” Wiley, New York.
or quartz tubing around a high-energy light source such
Mant, C. T., and Hodges, R. S. (1991). “High Performance Liquid Chro-
as a xenon or mercury lamp. For example, cannabinol, matography of Peptides and Proteins: Separation, Analysis, and Con-
only UV active, can be photochemically converted to hy- formation,” CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.
droxylphenanthrene, a highly fluorescent compound. A Neue, U. D. (1997). “HPLC Columns: Theory, Technology, and Prac-
variety of other drugs such as diethylstilbestrol (DES), tice,” Wiley, New York.
Parriott, D. (1993). “A Practical Guide to HPLC Detection,” Academic
clobazam, and tamoxifen can also be irradiated on-line to
Press, San Diego.
form fluorescent derivatives. The loss in fluorescent sig- Pasch, H., and Trathnigg, B. (1998). “HPLC of Polymers,” Springer,
nal as a result of photochemical reaction has been used to New York.
confirm the presence of LSD in a chromatogram. A vari- Rossomando, E. F. (1998). “HPLC in Enzymatic Analysis, 2nd Ed,”
ety of B-lactams, including penicillin and organothiophos- Wiley, New York.
Sadek, P. C. (2000). “Troubleshooting HPLC Systems: A Benchmark
phates, have been determined by HPLC with photolysis
Manual,” Wiley, New York.
EC detection. Snyder, L. R., and Kirkland, J. J. (1979). “Introduction to Modern Liquid
In the future, undoubtedly, new modifications to the Chromatography,” Wiley, New York.
practice of high-performance liquid chromatography, both Snyder, L. R., Glajch, J. L., and Kirkland, J. J. (1988). “Practical HPLC
instrumental and chemical in nature, will be made. The Method Development,” Wiley, New York.
Weiss,J.(1995).“IonChromatography,2ndEd,”VCHPublishers,Wein-
important position HPLC currently holds in the field of
heim, Germany.
separation science shows no sign of weakening and will Wu, C. (1995). “Handbook of Size Exclusion Chromatography,” Marcel
likely become stronger. Dekker, New York.