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Hazardous Waste and Its Treatment Process 133

characteristics; in addition, to decrease the surface area across which
pollutants can transfer or filter the solubility or simply reducing the
harmful compounds.
Solidification: It is the process that involves addition of some chem-
ical or materials to produce a solid form of waste from the unwanted
waste materials. It chanced to involve or cannot involve the chemical
bonding between the toxic materials and additives.
Stabilization: Stabilization is the process of involved waste material
converting to more chemically stable form. Subsume solidification
or stabilization process is used in chemical reaction to convert the
dangerous or toxic component to a new nontoxic or nondangerous
product.
g. Chemical fixation: This method indicates to convert toxic to non-
toxic material. This chemical fixation process is used to describe dif-
ferent processes which do not participate in the chemical bonding of
impurities to the binder [20].
h. Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the method that involves the com-
plete covering or coating of a toxic particle material or a new sub-
stance like solidification and stabilization materials or binders. The
enwrapping of the individual materials is called microencapsulation or
micro-enwrap. The collection of enwrap materials is called macroen-
capsulation or macro-enwrap.
In the stabilization and solidification process, some of waste products are
added with filling and binding a group form to obtain a dischargeable prod-
uct. This treatment method is suitable only for waste with chemical proper-
ties suitable for landfilling and not the physical properties. Solidification and
stabilization process or alternative technology is mainly used to treat wastes
in order to manufacture them to be usable for land disposal work. It should
be of lower permeability; lower waste leaching rate and same properties
that can make dangerous waste can be used for land disposal work after the
stabilization process.

9.4.2 Thermal Process
Thermal process is classified into different types as follows:
a. Combustion: Combustion is one of the nonhazardous manage-
ment recycling or reutilizing processes to treatment and disposal.
Initially, any solid waste or any waste is stored in a section that can be
passed into a cylinder chamber or combustion to supply initial power
source that liberated energy and can be utilized in different forms;