Page 7 - Essentials of physical chemistry

vi Contents

Isothermal Processes ................................................................................................. 57
Enthalpy and Heat Capacities ................................................................................... 59
Adiabatic Processes................................................................................................... 61
Adiabatic Nozzle Expansion Spectroscopy............................................................... 64
Diesel Engine Compression ...................................................................................... 65
Calorimetry and Thermochemistry............................................................................ 67
Hess’s Law of Heat Summation................................................................................ 71
Standard Heats of Formation at 298.158K and 1 bar Pressure................................. 72
Temperature Dependence of Reaction Enthalpies .................................................... 73
Polynomial Curve Fitting.......................................................................................... 74
Application to DH 0 (T > 298:15 K)........................................................................ 75

rxn
Other Types of Thermochemistry ............................................................................. 78
Perspective................................................................................................................. 78
Key Formulas and Equations .................................................................................... 78
Problems.................................................................................................................... 79
Testing, Grading, and Learning?............................................................................... 79
References ................................................................................................................. 80

Chapter 5 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics.................................................... 81
Introduction ............................................................................................................... 81
Carnot Cycle=Engine................................................................................................. 81
Carnot Cycle......................................................................................................... 83
Carnot Efficiency.................................................................................................. 85
Efficiency of Real Heat Engines ............................................................................... 86
Entropy and Spontaneity........................................................................................... 87
Summary of the Second Law of Thermodynamics .................................................. 88
Eight Basic Equations of Thermodynamics.............................................................. 88
Third Law of Thermodynamics ................................................................................ 90
Entropy of Reactions............................................................................................ 92
Entropy Changes at T > 298.158K ....................................................................... 93
Trouton’s Rule=Observation................................................................................. 94
Simple Statistical Treatment of Liquids and Gases .................................................. 95
Summary.................................................................................................................... 99
Testing, Grading, and Learning?............................................................................. 100
Problems.................................................................................................................. 101
Bibliography............................................................................................................ 102
References ............................................................................................................... 102

Chapter 6 Gibbs’ Free Energy and Equilibria.......................................................................... 103
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 103
Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants .............................................. 106
van’t Hoff Equation................................................................................................. 106
Vapor Pressure of Liquids....................................................................................... 108
Phase Equilibria....................................................................................................... 112
How Ice Skates Work ............................................................................................. 113
Gibbs Phase Rule .................................................................................................... 113
Iodine Triple Point .................................................................................................. 115
(C P –C V ) for Liquids and Solids.............................................................................. 117
Open Systems: Gibbs–Duhem Equation for Partial Molal Volumes ..................... 119
Chemical Potential for Open Systems..................................................................... 123