Page 8 - Essentials of physical chemistry

Contents vii

Modeling Liquids .................................................................................................... 125
Summary.................................................................................................................. 128
Problems.................................................................................................................. 129
Testing, Grading, and Learning?............................................................................. 129
Bibliography............................................................................................................ 130
References ............................................................................................................... 130

Chapter 7 Basic Chemical Kinetics ......................................................................................... 133
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 133
First-Order Reactions .............................................................................................. 133
Promethium: An Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry.............................................. 135
Madame Curie and Radioactivity............................................................................ 137
Radium .................................................................................................................... 139
Second-Order Rate Processes: [A] ¼ [B] ................................................................ 139
Second-Order Rate Processes: [A] 6¼ [B] ............................................................... 139
Arrhenius Activation Energy................................................................................... 145
The Classic A ! B ! C Consecutive First-Order Reaction................................. 147
Splitting the Atom................................................................................................... 150
Problems.................................................................................................................. 153
References ............................................................................................................... 154

Chapter 8 More Kinetics and Some Mechanisms.................................................................... 155
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 155
Beyond Arrhenius to the Eyring Transition State................................................... 155
Example................................................................................................................... 159
Graphical–Analytical Method for DH and DS ..................................................... 161
z
z
Summary of Graphical Method Results at T ¼ 258C.............................................. 163
Further Consideration of SN1 Solvolysis ............................................................... 164
Chain Reactions and the Steady State..................................................................... 165
Steady-State Example No. 1: H 2 þ Br 2 ! 2HBr............................................... 165
Steady-State Example No. 2: Thermal Cracking of Acetaldehyde.................... 167
Steady-State Example No. 3: The Lindemann Mechanism ............................... 168
Enzyme Kinetics...................................................................................................... 169
Basic Michaelis–Menten Equation..................................................................... 171
Example: A Hypothetical Enzyme.......................................................................... 172
Michaelis–Menten with Competitive Inhibitor .................................................. 174
Michaelis–Menten Summary.............................................................................. 176
Kinetics Conclusions............................................................................................... 178
Problems.................................................................................................................. 178
Testing, Grading, and Learning?............................................................................. 179
Bibliography............................................................................................................ 180
References ............................................................................................................... 180

Chapter 9 Basic Spectroscopy.................................................................................................. 181
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 181
Planck’s Discovery.................................................................................................. 181
Radio Waves....................................................................................................... 183
Balmer’s Integer Formula........................................................................................ 184
A Very Useful Formula........................................................................................... 189
Preliminary Summary of the Bohr Atom................................................................ 190