Page 59 - Formation Damage during Improved Oil Recovery Fundamentals and Applications

(A) 1
a) Low-salinity waterflooding considering fines
0.9 BL shock
0.8
Dimensionless distance, x D 0.7

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Injected pore volume, t D
S = 0.80 S wi = 0.79 S = 0.75 S = 0.70 S = 0.69
wi wi wi wi
S = 0.67 S = 0.65 S = 0.62 S = 0.60
wi wi wi wi
(B) 1
b) Low-salinity waterflooding considering fines
0.9
0.8
Water saturation, S w 0.6
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 “Flood-front” saturation
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Injected pore volume, t D
S = 0.80 S wi = 0.79 S = 0.75 S = 0.70 S = 0.69
wi wi wi wi
S = 0.67 S = 0.65 S = 0.62 S = 0.60
wi wi wi wi
(C) 1
c) Conventional waterflooding without fines
0.9 BL shock migration (Buckley-Leverett Problem)
Dimensionless distance, x D 0.6
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Injected pore volume, t D
S = 0.80 S = 0.75 S = 0.70 S = 0.65 S wi = 0.60
wi wi wi wi
S = 0.55 S = 0.50 S = 0.45 S = 0.39
wi wi wi wi
Figure 2.10 Distance-time diagrams and composition variations along characteristic
lines. (A) shows distance-time diagram with characteristic lines representing the
propagation of different water-saturation waves for low-salinity waterflooding. (B)
shows variations of water saturation along different characteristic lines for low-
salinity waterflooding. (C) shows distance-time diagram with characteristic lines for
constant water-saturation values.