Page 16 - T. Anderson-Fracture Mechanics - Fundamentals and Applns.-CRC (2005)

1656_FM.fm Page xiv Tuesday, May 3, 2005 5:49 PM

Part III
Material Behavior.........................................................................................................................217

Chapter 5
Fracture Mechanisms in Metals.....................................................................................................219
5.1 Ductile Fracture....................................................................................................................219
5.1.1 Void Nucleation........................................................................................................219
5.1.2 Void Growth and Coalescence .................................................................................222
5.1.3 Ductile Crack Growth ..............................................................................................231
5.2 Cleavage................................................................................................................................234
5.2.1 Fractography.............................................................................................................234
5.2.2 Mechanisms of Cleavage Initiation..........................................................................235
5.2.3 Mathematical Models of Cleavage Fracture
Toughness .................................................................................................................238
5.3 The Ductile-Brittle Transition..............................................................................................247
5.4 Intergranular Fracture...........................................................................................................249
Appendix 5: Statistical Modeling of Cleavage Fracture............................................................250
A5.1 Weakest Link Fracture................................................................................250
A5.2 Incorporating a Conditional Probability
of Propagation ............................................................................................252
References ......................................................................................................................................254

Chapter 6
Fracture Mechanisms in Nonmetals ..............................................................................................257
6.1 Engineering Plastics .............................................................................................................257
6.1.1 Structure and Properties of Polymers......................................................................258
6.1.1.1 Molecular Weight ......................................................................................258
6.1.1.2 Molecular Structure...................................................................................259
6.1.1.3 Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers ......................................................259
6.1.1.4 Viscoelastic Behavior ................................................................................260
6.1.1.5 Mechanical Analogs ..................................................................................263
6.1.2 Yielding and Fracture in Polymers ..........................................................................265
6.1.2.1 Chain Scission and Disentanglement........................................................265
6.1.2.2 Shear Yielding and Crazing.......................................................................265
6.1.2.3 Crack-Tip Behavior ...................................................................................267
6.1.2.4 Rubber Toughening...................................................................................268
6.1.2.5 Fatigue.......................................................................................................270
6.1.3 Fiber-Reinforced Plastics .........................................................................................270
6.1.3.1 Overview of Failure Mechanisms.............................................................271
6.1.3.2 Delamination .............................................................................................272
6.1.3.3 Compressive Failure ..................................................................................275
6.1.3.4 Notch Strength...........................................................................................278
6.1.3.5 Fatigue Damage.........................................................................................280
6.2 Ceramics and Ceramic Composites .....................................................................................282
6.2.1 Microcrack Toughening............................................................................................285
6.2.2 Transformation Toughening .....................................................................................286
6.2.3 Ductile Phase Toughening........................................................................................287
6.2.4 Fiber and Whisker Toughening................................................................................288
6.3 Concrete and Rock ...............................................................................................................291
References ......................................................................................................................................293