Page 17 - T. Anderson-Fracture Mechanics - Fundamentals and Applns.-CRC (2005)

1656_FM.fm Page xv Tuesday, May 3, 2005 5:49 PM

Part IV
Applications ..................................................................................................................................297

Chapter 7
Fracture Toughness Testing of Metals...........................................................................................299
7.1 General Considerations ........................................................................................................299
7.1.1 Specimen Configurations..........................................................................................299
7.1.2 Specimen Orientation...............................................................................................301
7.1.3 Fatigue Precracking..................................................................................................303
7.1.4 Instrumentation.........................................................................................................305
7.1.5 Side Grooving...........................................................................................................307
7.2 K Testing ............................................................................................................................308
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7.2.1 ASTM E 399 ............................................................................................................309
7.2.2 Shortcomings of E 399 and Similar Standards .......................................................312
7.3 K-R Curve Testing................................................................................................................316
7.3.1 Specimen Design......................................................................................................317
7.3.2 Experimental Measurement of K-R Curves.............................................................318
7.4 J Testing of Metals...............................................................................................................320
7.4.1 The Basic Test Procedure and J Measurements ....................................................320
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7.4.2 J-R Curve Testing.....................................................................................................322
7.4.3 Critical J Values for Unstable Fracture....................................................................324
7.5 CTOD Testing.......................................................................................................................326
7.6 Dynamic and Crack-Arrest Toughness ................................................................................329
7.6.1 Rapid Loading in Fracture Testing ..........................................................................329
7.6.2 K Measurements.....................................................................................................330
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7.7 Fracture Testing of Weldments ............................................................................................334
7.7.1 Specimen Design and Fabrication............................................................................334
7.7.2 Notch Location and Orientation...............................................................................335
7.7.3 Fatigue Precracking..................................................................................................337
7.7.4 Posttest Analysis.......................................................................................................337
7.8 Testing and Analysis of Steels in the Ductile-Brittle Transition Region............................338
7.9 Qualitative Toughness Tests .................................................................................................340
7.9.1 Charpy and Izod Impact Test...................................................................................341
7.9.2 Drop Weight Test......................................................................................................342
7.9.3 Drop Weight Tear and Dynamic Tear Tests.............................................................344
Appendix 7: Stress Intensity, Compliance, and Limit Load Solutions
for Laboratory Specimens......................................................................................344
References ......................................................................................................................................350

Chapter 8
Fracture Testing of Nonmetals.......................................................................................................353
8.1 Fracture Toughness Measurements in Engineering Plastics................................................353
8.1.1 The Suitability of K and J for Polymers .................................................................353
8.1.1.1 K-Controlled Fracture................................................................................354
8.1.1.2 J-Controlled Fracture.................................................................................357
8.1.2 Precracking and Other Practical Matters .................................................................360
8.1.3 K Testing.................................................................................................................362
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8.1.4 J Testing....................................................................................................................365
8.1.5 Experimental Estimates of Time-Dependent Fracture Parameters..........................369
8.1.6 Qualitative Fracture Tests on Plastics......................................................................371
8.2 Interlaminar Toughness of Composites................................................................................373