Page 267 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

238 From smart grid to internet of energy

demands such as appropriate reliability level, maximum allowable delay, and
minimum needed throughput.
On the other hand, the use of CR technology in the SG systems can provide
remarkable improvements to reduce interference effects which are generated by
the presence of a variety of wired and/or wireless communication systems that
are functioning at the same frequencies in the HANs. In order to accomplish
this, the fundamental characteristics of the CR devices to revise their capacities
depending on the particular criterions will be employed to present more effi-
cient organizing of various data transfers. Furthermore, the CR technology
can be exploited in the NANs in which this technology can provide connections
between the NANs with the opportunistic use of unoccupied frequency bands
[41, 51]. By the following subsections, the application examples of SG systems
where CR technology can be efficiently utilized to improve overall system per-
formance will be introduced in the context of HAN, NAN, and WAN as previ-
ously depicted in the Fig. 6.17.

6.6.1 Home energy management systems

One of the most important SG applications in the HANs is home energy man-
agement systems (HEMSs). The HEMSs carry out home automation and con-
trol processes thanks to home appliances that can transmit various data to SMs,
indoor monitors and other smart devices. They can decrease power consump-
tion rates by employing adaptive control techniques [73]. In addition, commer-
cial and industrial customers can utilize the HEMS for building automation,
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) control and other energy
management practices [86]. Typically, a SM or an Internet gateway is exploited
for connecting a HAN to SG services or service providers. Therefore, real-time
data transfer should be performed to ensure that HEMS transactions are per-
formed effectively and securely. The CRN architectures may provide several
advantages for the real-time data sharing between HEMSs [73, 75]. It is also
important to note that the access technologies should guarantee the QoS with
a considerable bandwidth for the HEMS applications.

6.6.2 Real-time pricing and demand response management
applications

In meter reading applications, several quantities are measured by using the SMs
and the obtained data are transmit to a central database for analysis and billing
purposes [68]. The meter reading process can be classified into three categories
as on demand, scheduled and bulk transfer. While the meter reading task is per-
formed based on the requests in the first one, the second one is achieved for
predetermined time durations. In third one, the measurements are gathered from
the whole SMs in a predetermined service area. A CRN can ensure the infor-
mation transmission services for all of these meter reading methods [68, 73,