Page 303 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

270 From smart grid to internet of energy

passive, is the most essential service that is used to identify RFID tags. The
information aggregation services are required to acquire, process, and transmit
the data as its name implies. Collaborative-aware services manage the inherited
data to accomplish an action. Thus, this service retrieves the data and decides.
Ubiquitous services are defined as omnipotence and omnipresence service to
provide communication needs at any time and at anywhere.

7.2.4.6 Security
The IoT framework should satisfy security requirements as confidentiality,
authentication, integrity, non-repudiation and anonymity at any stage of the
smart grid infrastructure. The security issues include the environment starting
from sensor networks to data servers and cloud servers. Confidentiality requires
protection of transmitted data between sensors and servers, while authentication
is required for transmitting and receiving sections. Non-repudiation is needed to
prevent the denial of previous data transmission, and anonymity is for privacy-
aware operation.

7.3 Communication infrastructures of IoT

Many communication technologies have been improved for different applica-
tion planes and requirements. While some of these technologies are common for
particular application planes such as Bluetooth in personal networks and Zig-
Bee in home and device automations, the other communication technologies
provide wide application areas such as WiFi, LPWAN, and cellular technolo-
gies. The headmost requirements of smart grid infrastructure are interoperabil-
ity and accessibility. Therefore, advanced communication technologies enable
smart grid to be ubiquitous as its services and applications. The communication
and coverage planes of smart grid can be classified into three groups as HAN,
NAN, and WAN. The HAN is essential for residential units with smart appli-
ances, energy management systems, power control tools, ESSs, PV panels,
small-scale wind turbines, electric vehicles and smart meters. NAN deals with
distribution level of smart grid where a group of residential or industrial loads
have been aggregated in a substation or transformer while WAN associates sev-
eral NAN areas for management. Due to coverage area and monitored data
sizes, each area network requires featured communication technology to meet
their requirements. Accordingly, IEEE 802.11 or IEEE 802.15.4 based commu-
nication technologies can be adequate for HAN and NANs while WANs require
fiber optic, cellular, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A type wide coverage communication
technologies due to their wider operation areas. First communication method
used for IoT can be dated back to RFID technology in the late 1990s while
WSN technology provided an achievement for IoT communication technolo-
gies. However, the most significant improvements have been seen in the last
decade with the aid of standardized sophisticated communication technologies