Page 302 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Internet of things for smart grid applications Chapter 7 269

7.2.4.3 Communication
An IoT system is comprised by several heterogeneous systems and components.
Many wireless technologies and protocols such as GSM (2G), Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS 3G), LTE (4G), LTE-Advanced
(LTE-A), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) Bluetooth (IEEE
802.15.1), Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN, IEEE
802.15.4), Z-wave, and LoRaWAN R1.0—LoRa are being used in IoT commu-
nication instead of lossy RFID and NFC frameworks. The recent CPSs includ-
ing smart phones, handheld devices, and cloud integrated monitoring terminals
require rapid and secure communication architectures such as 4G and 5G net-
works. The massive databases have been carried to cloud applications that are
one of the most important driving factors of 5G infrastructure. Since the smart
grid and IoT interaction requires M2M communication, cellular communication
is state-of-the-art in enabling technologies of CPSs [31, 32].

7.2.4.4 Data processing and management
Another important segment of IoT framework required for smart grid applica-
tions is data processing stage. The ICT applications represent fundamental data
processing section of IoT. This segment includes hardware and software inter-
action where the microprocessors and microcomputers are responsible to obtain
the transmitted data signals, to analyze the context, to perform the required
objectives, and to store the processed data by using their own operating system.
The processor interfaces are implemented with high-level digital signal proces-
sors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or system on chip (SoCh)
processors such as ARM, Intel Galileo, Raspberry PI, Gadgeteer, BeagleBone,
Cubieboard, Z1, WiSense, Mulle, and T-Mote Sky. Moreover, particular oper-
ating systems, namely Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS), are featured for
IoT applications to process and manage the inherited data. The Contiki-OS,
TinyOS and ChibiOS are specified and widely known RTOS that are special-
ized for WSNs. However, the novel and lightweight operating systems such as
LiteOS, MagnetOS, AmbientRT, MANTIS OS, and SOS have been presented
for IoT-based smart grid applications due to limited resources and energy
efficiency.

7.2.4.5 Services
The ubiquitous structure of IoT requires a services-oriented architecture (SOA)
to meet the requirements of smart grid applications. A huge number of IoT
applications have been improved for any aim ranging from residential usage
to industrial areas based on WSNs. The applications need services to optimize
the operation, integration, and interoperability along smart grid devices and ser-
vices. The IoT services are listed into four categories as identity-related ser-
vices, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services and
ubiquitous services [34, 35]. The identity-related services, either active or