Page 301 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

268 From smart grid to internet of energy

infrastructure to enhance smart grid applications including CPS security, smart
home and smart city applications, asset management, data management and
processing topics [28–30].
The driving technologies of IoT in the context of smart grid can be basically
grouped into three categories as (i) data acquisition technologies producing
contextual information from “things”, (ii) ICT, data processing and manage-
ment technologies, and (iii) security and privacy aware technologies.The
things term denotes any measurement and monitoring device based on sensor
technologies with communication capability. Thus, entire infrastructure can
be equipped with monitoring and control devices that can be accessed rapidly
and securely due to IoT technology. The generated measurement data are trans-
mitted to monitoring and control center where big data and cloud-computing
technologies can be easily adopted to smart grid system. On the other hand,
these operations are sustained by providing security and privacy requirements
with the aid of IoT. A summary of essential objectives required to create CPS
environment in any IoT-based smart grid system are listed as follows;

7.2.4.1 Identification
Things in an IoT system should have unique ID. The identification is required to
recognize the objects and to respond according to their service demand. Many
methods can be used for identification i.e., RFID, bar codes, near field commu-
nication (NFC), electronic product codes (EPC) and ubiquitous codes (uCode).
In addition to assigning an ID to things, addressing is another important point to
identify the objects. The IPv6 taking the place of IPv4 is an intelligent solution
for addressing with increased number of headers and compression mechanism.
The extensive address space of IPv6 is comply with billions of devices for open
RF mesh wireless (IEEE 802.15.4g, DECT Ultra Low Energy) and PLC infra-
structures (IEEE 1901.2) using the IPv6 over low-power wireless personal-area
network (6LoWPAN) [31, 32].

7.2.4.2 Data acquisition
The instrumentation and measurement play vital role in IoT-based smart grid
systems. The sensing devices and other instrumentation components comprise
the data acquisition interface of IoT in a smart grid application. The sensors,
actuators, and smart components acquire the required data from related things
and transmit to the database or cloud interfaces. Although wireline transmission
has been a legacy for a long while, wireless networks and meshes are now wide-
spread. The improving WSN and communication systems such as WCDMA,
LTE, 4G, 5G facilitates to connect many sensors to transmit data together
[32, 33]. Besides, the intelligent microcomputers i.e., Arduino, Raspberry PI,
BeagleBone Black, etc., associated with sensors improves the functionality
and integrated to IoT and TCP/IP layer applications in monitoring and control
requirements of any smart grid application indicated in Table 7.2.